PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.

Timonen, Senni (toim) 1980. Näin lauloi Larin Paraske. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Tvauri, Andres 2001. Muinas-Tartu. Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusloost. (Muinasaja teadus 10.) Tallinn–Tartu: Ajaloo Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli arheoloogia õppetool.

Valk, Ülo 1993. Kust tuli Ilmalind? Läänemeresoome loomisloo päritolust I–II. – Vikerkaar, nr 2, lk 21–29; nr 3, lk 61–66.

Van De Bogart, Willard G. 2014. The Giant Swing (Lo Ching Cha): Brahmanical origins and its significance to the religious culture of Thailand. – Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. Toim Pranee Liamputtong. Dordrecht: Springer, lk 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7244-1_2

Viidalepp, Richard 1936. Eesti muistsest kiigekultuurist. – Nädal Pildis, nr 10, lk 220–222.

Vissel, Anu 2002. Eestlaste kiigekultuur enne ja nüüd. – Mäetagused, nr 21, lk 7–84. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2002.21.kiik

Keywords: literature didactics, teaching poetry, basic psychological needs

In recent years, discussions about the modernization of literature education have gained prominence. However, there persists a lack of insight into the actual practices occurring in schools. From the perspective of poetry education, it is crucial to delve into the reality of how poetry is taught in Estonian schools. There is a dearth of information on which authors are being taught, how poetry is approached, and how students are supported in their reading. This article is the first to address these questions. It offers a comprehensive analysis that maps the position of poetry within Estonian schools and thus points to potential future scenarios concerning the societal role of poetry. It is worth noting that our research is not meant to examine the entirety of poetry education but specifically focuses on the treatment of poetry collections.

The study is based on a semi-structured survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, involving 84 literature teachers from across Estonia. The questions addressed the poetry works covered, preferred authors, approaches to poetry collections, and the challenges encountered in poetry education. These aspects were examined within the context of decades of research in poetry didactics.

Teachers report students’ limited appreciation for literature, infrequent reading habits, difficulties in grasping figurative language, and a restricted vocabulary. Furthermore, they highlight a lack of suitable teaching materials for poetry. Teachers acknowledge their own limited knowledge of poetry and poetry collections. This creates a cycle where teachers’ prior experiences with poetry collections hamper their enthusiasm for teaching, thus perpetuating the absence of a tradition. Contemporary and foreign poetry is frequently avoided. One-third of teachers fail to provide adequate support during independent reading. A significant portion of teachers concludes poetry collection instruction with creative projects.

This study reveals that poetry, particularly in the form of poetry collections, occupies a marginalized space in literature classrooms. Around a quarter of students complete their basic education without ever having read any poetry collections. Teachers grapple with a shortage of suitable teaching materials and require substantial support. Given these challenges, fostering an enhanced poetry education hinges on collaboration between literary studies and didactics to unlock the pedagogical-poetic potential of poetry and make it more visible. In summary, both teachers and poetry are in need of assistance, and this study underscores the challenges that underlie poetry instruction.

Marie Udam (b. 1991), MA, Narva Estonian School, literature and Estonian language teacher (Hariduse 3, 20307 Narva), marie.udam@nerg.ee

Joosep Susi (b. 1989), MA, Tallinn University, junior lecturer of Literature Didactics and Estonian Literature (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), jsusi@tlu.ee

Merilyn Meristo (b. 1975), PhD, Tallinn University, associate professor (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), merilyn.meristo@tlu.ee

References

Adamson, Ele 2015. Luule õpetamine gümnaasiumis: kirjandusõpetajate pedagoogilised arusaamad ja metoodilised lähenemised. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeele­teaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/47092?show=full

Belle, Crystal 2016. Don’t believe the hype: Hip-hop literacies and English education. – Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, kd 60, nr 3, lk 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.574

Benton, Michael 1978. Poetry for children: a neglected art. – Children’s Literature in Education, kd 9, nr 3, lk 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01142921

Benton, Peter 1986. Pupil, Teacher, Poem. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Benton, Peter 2000. The conveyor belt curriculum? Poetry teaching in the secondary school II. – Oxford Review of Education, kd 26, nr 1, lk 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/030549800103872

Bryer, Theo; Lindsay, Morlette; Wilson, Rebecca 2014. A take on a Gothic poem: Tablet film-making and literary texts. – Changing English, kd 21, nr 3, lk 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2014.929284

Coles, Jane; Bryer, Theo 2018. Reading as enactment: transforming Beowulf through drama, film and computer game. – English in Education, kd 52, nr 1, lk 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2018.1414419

Creely, Edwin 2019. “Poetry is dying”: creating a (re)new(ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. – Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, kd 42, nr 2, lk 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03652031

Culler, Jonathan 2017. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press.

Dahlbäck, Katharina; Lyngfelt, Anna; Bengtsdotter Katz, Viktoria 2018. Views of poetry as a competence expressed by students in teacher education. – Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, kd 15, lk 101–119. https://doi.org/10.12775/ths.2018.007

Deci, Richard M; Ryan, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. – American Psychologist, kd 55, nr 1, lk 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Delchamps, Vivian 2018. Teaching poetry through dance. – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim Sandra Lee Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_3

Dressman, Mark 2015. The paradox of poetry education. – The Routledge International Hand­book of the Arts and Education. Abingdon–New York: Routledge, lk 203–211.

Farber, Jerry 2015. On not betraying poetry. – Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, kd 15, nr 2, lk 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1215/15314200-2844985

GRÕK 2023 = Gümnaasiumi riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 6. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_gym_lisa1.pdf#

Haramija, Dragica; Batič, Janja 2018. The role of illustration in interpreting a multi­modal literary text. – The New Educational Review, kd 52, nr 2, lk 195–205. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2018.52.2.15

Hennoste, Tiit 1997. Kaanon. Kaanan. – Vikerkaar, nr 12, lk 59–70.

Höglund, Heidi 2017. Video Poetry: Negotiating Literary Interpretations. Students Multi­modal Designing in Response to Literature. [Doktoritöö.] Åbo Akademi University.

Jusslin, Sofia; Höglund, Heidi 2021. Entanglements of dance/poetry: Creative dance in students’ poetry reading and writing. – Research in Dance Education, kd 22, nr 3, lk 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2020.1789088

Kalamees-Ruubel, Katrin 2014. Eesti keele ja kirjandusõpetuse roll eesti õppekeelega üld­hariduskooli õppekavas 1917–2014. Ajaloolis-analüütiline käsitlus. (Tallinna Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste dissertatsioonid 80.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, kasvatusteaduste instituut. https://www.etera.ee/zoom/1943/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info

Kivi, Kersti 2017. Luule käsitlemise võimalusi põhikooli II astmes. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kleppe, Sandra Lee 2018. Teaching poetry with painting: “Why do yo thus devise evil against her?” – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim S. L. Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_5

Kovalik, Kate; Curwood, Jen Scott 2019. #poetryisnotdead: understanding Instagram poetry within a transliteracies framework. – Literacy, kd 53, nr 4, lk 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12186

Kullo, Katrin 2021. Kooliraamatukogude varustatuse mõju ilukirjandusteoste valikule ja käsitlus­viisidele kirjandusõpetuses. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kumar, Tracey 2018. The battle for rap: Problems and possibilities in teacher education. – Teaching Education, kd 29, nr 2, lk 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1377695

Lantolf, James P.; Poehner, Matthew E. 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813850

Lotman, Juri 2006. Kunstilise teksti struktuur. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Pärt Lias. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Merilai, Arne 2004. Kooli kirjandusõpetusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 610–615.

Meyer, Oliver; Coyle, Do 2017. Pluriliteracies teaching for learning: conceptualizing progression for deeper learning in literacies development. – European Journal of Applied Linguistics, kd 5, nr 2, lk 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0006

Nool, Kerli 2021. Luulekogu käsitlemine 6. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Org, Andrus 2000. Luule õpetamise metoodika gümnaasiumis. Õpetajakoolituse lõputöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti kirjanduse ja teatriteaduse õppetool.

Paasik, Merli 2013. Luulekogu õpetamise võimalusi põhikooli kirjandustunnis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/31440

Palk, Eliise 2020. Algajate eesti keele ja kirjanduse õpetajate töökoormus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Palmiste, Tiia 2021. Hiiumaaga seotud luuletajate ja nende luulekogude käsitlus põhikoolis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeeleteatuse instituut.

Pieper, Irene 2020. L1 Education and the place of literature. – Rethinking L1 Education on a Global Era: Understanding the (Post-) National L1 Subjects in New and Difficult Times. Toim Bill Green, Per-Olof Erixon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, lk 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55997-7_6

Poetry in Schools: A Survey of Practice 2006/2007. London: Ofsted.

PRÕK 2023 = Põhikooli riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 1. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_pohi_lisa1.pdf#

Päll, Kristiane 2023. Räpptekstide käsitlemine 8. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Řeřichová, Vlasta; Vala, Jaroslav; Sladová, Jana 2014. Poetry in school – the old issues and new challenges. – e-Pedagogium, kd 14, nr 4, lk 127–139. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2014.048

Rosenblatt, Louise M. 1978. The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of Literary Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Salm, Kaisa 2012. Kujundlikkuse käsitlemine eesti keele ja kirjanduse õppematerjalides põhikooli III astmes. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/35309

Sigvardsson, Anna 2017. Teaching poetry reading in secondary education: Findings from a systematic literature review. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 61, nr 5, lk 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1172503

Sigvardsson, Anna 2020. Don’t fear poetry! Secondary teachers’ key strategies for engaging pupils with poetic texts. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 64, nr 6, lk 953–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1650823

Simecek, Karen; Rumbold, Kate 2016. The uses of poetry. – Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, kd 23, nr 4, lk 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2016.1230300

Sulkunen, Sari; Arffman, Inga 2010. Key element No 4: Choosing engaging reading materials. – ADORE – Teaching Struggling Adolescent Readers in European Countries. Toim Christine Garbe, Karl Holle, Svantje Weinhold. Frankfurt am Main–Berlin–Bern–Bruxelles–New York–Oxford–Wien: Peter Lang, lk 102–113.

Susi, Joosep; Org, Andrus 2023. Praegused noored õpivad tiu-tiu! teisiti. – Sirp 6. I, lk 29–31.

Säre, Egle 2021. Arutelu kui õppemeetod vajab taasavastamist. – Õpetajate Leht 19. III, lk 7.

Talviste, Katre 2019. Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos. – Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis, nr 4, lk 32−55. https://doi.org/10.22601/PET.2019.04.02

Vaino, Maarja 2023. Kirjandusõpe nõukogude koolis. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1–2, lk 240–254. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk782a13

Vapper, Mari 2018. Õpilaste valitud kirjandusteoste osakaal ja tähendus põhikooli II–III astme kirjandustundides. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Wandera, David B. 2016. Teaching poetry through collaborative art: an analysis of multi­modal ensembles for transformative learning. – Journal of Transformative Education, kd 14, nr 4, lk 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344616650749

Weaven, Mary; Clark, Tom 2013. “I guess it scares us” – Teachers discuss the teaching of poetry in senior secondary English. – English in Education, kd 47, nr 3, lk 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eie.12016

Xerri, Daniel 2012. Poetry teaching and multimodality: theory into practice. – Creative Education, kd 3, nr 4, lk 507–512. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34077

Young, Alice Mary 2016. High school English teachers’ experiences with poetry pedagogy. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.

Keywords: Verb Second (V2), language contact, language history, Germanic ­languages, prosody, corpus study

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies – a synchronic and a diachronic one – that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives.

The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses.

The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order.

 

Heete Sahkai (b. 1972), PhD, Institute of the Estonian Language, Senior Researcher (Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn), heete.sahkai@eki.ee

Anne Tamm (b. 1968), PhD habil., Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Associate Professor (Reviczky u. 4, 1088 Budapest), tamm.anne@kre.hu

Anders Holmberg (b. 1951), PhD, Newcastle University, School of English Literature, Language, and Linguistics, Emeritus Professor (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU), anders.holmberg@newcastle.ac.uk

Keywords: Estonian poetry, Artur Alliksaar, rhyme, alliteration, sound and meaning

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art – the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923–1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabic-accentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works.

The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar’s poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes.

The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference.

 

Rebekka Lotman (b. 1978), PhD, University of Tartu, Institute of Cultural Research, Associate Professor of World Literature (Ülikooli 16, 51003 Tartu), rebekka.lotman@ut.ee

Maria-Kristiina Lotman (b. 1974), PhD, University of Tartu, Associate Professor of Classical Philology (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), maria.lotman@ut.ee

Mihhail Lotman (b. 1952), PhD, University of Tartu, Visiting Professor of Semiotics (Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu), mihhail.lotman@ut.ee

Keywords: Yelena Skulskaya, Andrei Ivanov, identity

Contemporary methodologies increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity. In the social sciences, mass culture and literature are gaining attention as new sources of knowledge. Looking at literature through the lens of the new methodological frameworks allows for a more comprehensive study of identities and their evolution. This article applies a new methodology of studying the national identity, developed by Ted Hopf and Bentley Allan in the framework of the project Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database, which makes it possible to examine the emergence and persistence of the concept of “a Russian from Russia” as “the Other” in the identity discourse of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia after the restoration of Estonian independence. The first part of this article focuses on identifying the initial stages of the formation of this idea in Estonian Russian-language magazines that covered literature and social issues – Tallinn and Raduga. The second part analyzes the works of the two most popular and well-known Russian-speaking authors – Yelena Skulskaya and Andrei Ivanov. The analysis in complemented by interviews with the writers and references to the works of other Russian-speaking authors.

 

Elena Pavlova (b. 1975), PhD, University of Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, Research Fellow (Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu), ­elena.pavlova@ut.ee

Keywords: nationalism, transnational feminist modernism, Estonian literature, women’s writing, comparative literature

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

 

Eret Talviste (b. 1991), PhD, University of Tartu, College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Researcher of Contemporary English ­Literature (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), eret.talviste@ut.ee

 

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 245 – Friedebert Tuglas

 

Kirjandus

A. K. 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Naise teoseist kaovad poos, šest ja sädistamine alles pärast viiekümnendat eluaastat. – Vaba Maa 16. V, lk 8.

Aele, A. 1934. Noore naiskirjaniku naiselik romaan. – Sakala Pühapäev 22. XII, lk 3.

Annuk, Eve 2021. Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses „Liina” (1877). – Mäetagused, nr 81, lk 45−64. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.81.annuk

Annuk, Eve 2023. Naisproosakirjanikud kultuuriloos ja tänapäeva eesti kultuuriteadvuses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 755–774.

Annus, Epp 2017. Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226583

Berman, Jessica 2012. Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics, and Transnational Modern­ism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Berman, Jessica 2018. Practicing transnational feminist recovery today. – Feminist Modern­ist Studies, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2017.1382968

Doyle, Laura 2009. Toward a philosophy of transnationalism. – Journal of Transnational American Studies, kd 1, nr 1, lk 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5070/T811006941

Fernald, Anne E. 2013. Women’s fiction, new modernist studies, and feminism. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 59, nr 2, lk 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0024

Friedman, Susan Stanford 2001. Feminism, state fictions and violence: gender, geo­politics and transnationalism. – Communal/Plural, kd 9, nr 1, lk 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13207870124583

Hartman, Saidiya 2008. Venus in two acts. – Small Axe, kd 12, nr 26, lk 1–14.

Hennoste, Tiit 2016. Eesti kirjanduslik avangard 20. sajandi algul. Hüpped modernismi poole I. (Heuremata.) Tartu–Tallinn: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heywood, Andrew 2017. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

Hiiemäe, Sirly 2006. Naiskarakterid Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Soomustüdruk”. Bakalau­reusetöö. Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Dekadentlik modernsuskogemus A. H. Tammsaare ja nooreestlaste loomingus. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis ­Tartuensis 10.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hirsch, Marianne 2018. Feminist Archives of Possibility. – Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, kd 29, nr 1, lk 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-6681696

James, David; Seshagiri, Urmila 2014. Metamodernism: Narratives of Continuity and ­Revolution. – PMLA, kd 129, nr 1, lk 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.87

Kaljundi, Linda 2022. Decolonise that – Estonian identity as indigenous and/or white. – A Shade Colder, nr 1, https://www.ashadecolder.com/decolonise-that-estonian-identity-as-indigenous-and-or-white

Karro, Piret 2022. 150 aastat Eesti feminismi. – Vikerkaar, nr 4, lk 57–112.

Kenk, Kaire 2015. Unustusse vajunud. – Elu Lood. Eesti Naise kvartalilisa, nr 13, lk 20–27.

Kibuvits, Leida 1941. Vanad kirsipuud. – L. Kibuvits, Sipelgaõli. Tartu: RK Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, lk 79–105.

Kibuvits, Leida 1962. Orfeus II. – L. Kibuvits, Elagu inimene! Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 86–107.

Kibuvits, Leida 2003. Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Kibuvits, Leida 2022. Ladybirdred. Tlk Eret Talviste. – The Fortnightly Review, nr 2, https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2023/02/kibuvits-ladybirdred/

Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Pygmalioni ja Narkissose moodsad ümberkirjutused. Tuglase „Felix Ormusson” ja Semperi „Hiina kett”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 80–112.

Kirss, Tiina Ann 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid nais­ajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kivimaa, Katrin 2003. Nationalism, Gender and Cultural Identities: The Case of Estonian Art from the Impact of Modernity to the Post-Soviet Era 1850–2000. Leeds: University of Leeds.

Koobak, Redi; Marling, Raili 2014. The decolonial challenge: framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies. – European Journal of Women’s Studies, kd 21, nr 4, lk 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814542882

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis Tartuensis 6.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Kuznetski, Julia; Tüür, Kadri 2022. Estonian literature and ecofeminism. – The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Toim Douglas A. Vakoch. London: Routledge, lk 233–243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195610

Liivamets, Maire 2003. Mõned mõtted raamatu mõistmiseks. – Leida Kibuvits, Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 301–304.

Lindsalu, Elo 2009. Kes oli paradiisi perenaine? Naiskunstniku problemaatikast Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Paradiisi pärisperenaine”. – Looming, nr 7, lk 973–982.

Lykke, Nina 2010. Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge.

Mao, Douglas; Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2008. The new modernist studies. – PMLA, kd 123, nr 3, lk 737–748.

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Marling, Raili; Koobak, Redi 2017. Intersections of feminisms and neoliberalism: post-state-socialist Estonia in a transnational feminist framework. – Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, kd 38, nr 3, lk 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0001

McGiff, Shilo Rae 2018. „Out of the Heart of Spring”: Virginia Woolf and the Changing Shapes of Pastoral 1928-1938. Ithaca: Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.7298/waxh-c171

Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen J. (toim) 2020. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242356

Ojam, Indrek 2018. Modernismi muutuv tähendus eesti kirjanduskultuuris. Rekonstrueerimiskatse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 541–559. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk728a2

Pachmanová, Martina 2010. In? Out? In between? Some notes on the invisibility of a nascent Eastern European feminist and gender discourse in contemporary art theory. – Gender Check: A Reader. Art and Theory in Eastern Europe since the 1960s. Toim Bojana Pejic. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, lk 37–49.

Põldsaar, Raili 2008. The Baltic States. – Bonnie G. Smith (toim), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-80

Rojola, Lea 2009. „Ja ta tundis himu rääkida.” Aino Kallas, Maie Merits ja naiste hääl. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 746–757.

Saint-Amour, Paul K. 2018. Weak theory, weak modernism. – Modernism/Modernity, kd 25, nr 3, lk 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0035

Seaber, Luke; Shallcross, Michael 2019. The trouble with modernism: a dialogue. – The Modernist Review, nr 10. https://modernistreviewcouk.wordpress.com/2019/06/28/the-trouble-with-modernism/

Scott, Bonnie Kime 1990. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Soovik, Ene-Reet 2022. Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 29, lk 92–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v23i29.19033

Suchland, Jennifer 2011. Is postsocialism transnational? – Signs: Journal of Women in ­Culture and Society, kd 36, nr 4, lk 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/658899

Suburg, Lilli 1877. Liina. Ühe Eesti tütarlapse elulugu, temast enesest jutustatud. Tartu: ­Schnakenburg.

Talivee, Elle-Mari 2023. Looduskultuuri mur(d)epunkte. Meie antropotseen. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 267–285. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk783a1

Talviste, Eret 2021. Eestlus, naiste roll ja elu kui selline. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanist „Rahusõit”. – Looming, nr 6, lk 804−814.

Talviste, Eret 2022. Thoughts on peace during a train ride: Rethinking patriotism with ­Virginia Woolf and Leida Kibuvits. – Virginia Woolf Miscellany, nr 99, lk 18–20. https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2022/12/vwm99spring-fall2022-final-version.pdf

Tammsaare, A. H. 1981. Tõde ja õigus I. Kogutud teosed, 6. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Tlostanova, Madina 2012. Postsocialist ≠ postcolonial? On post-Soviet imaginary and global coloniality. – Journal of Postcolonial Writing, kd 48, nr 2, lk 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.658244

Tuglas, Friedebert 1933. Eesti romaan 1932. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 49–61.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti romaan 1934. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 109–126.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Manglus Sepapoeg. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 476–479.

Tüür, Kadri 2023. Naine kirjutab lindudest. Ökofeministlik ekskurss eesti looduskirjandusse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 847–872.

Uustalu, Linda 1985. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanimaailm. – Looming, nr 10, lk 1419–1423.

Vaino, Maarja 2012. Rist ja rõõm. Lisandusi Leida Kibuvitsa eluloole. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 755–767. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk659a3

Varrak, Toomas 2000. Estonia: crisis and ’pre-emptive’ authoritarianism. – Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Jeremy Mitchell (toim), Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–39: Systematic Case Studies. London–New York: Springer, lk 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774_5

Veski, Liisi 2023. Towards stronger national unity: statist ideas in Estonian nationalism during the “Era of Silence” (1934–1940). – Journal of Baltic Studies, lk 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2190991

Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2016. Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time. – Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, kd 18, nr 5, lk 748–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1173961

Woolf, Virginia 1992. A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. Toimetanud ja eessõna kirjutanud Morag Shiach. (Oxford World’s Classics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, Virginia 2011. Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid. – V. Woolf, The Essays of Virginia Woolf. Vol. 6: 1933–1941. Toim Stuart N. Clarke. London: Hogarth Press, lk 242–248.

Keywords: affect, modernist literature, gender, sexuality, Djuna Barnes, Reed Morn

This article focuses on American writer Djuna Barnes’s novel “Nightwood” (1936) and Estonian writer Reed Morn’s novel “The Talented Parasite” (Andekas parasiit, 1927). Specifically, the article analyses how the two novels represent bodies, affects and materiality, relying on the notion of affective modernism (Taylor 2012). English-language modernist texts have been frequently portrayed as aiming for impersonality and the rejection of emotions and sentiment. Authors like Julie Taylor have challenged this assumption, demonstrating the presence of emotions, drives and sensations in modernist texts. New research on modernism has shown modernist texts both portraying and theorizing bodies (Watts et al. 2019), discussing the relationship between the human and the non-human (Ryan 2015) as well as the Anthropocene (Adkins 2022). This article focuses on affects and senses, in particular the way affects move between bodies, being simultaneously creative and disruptive (Taylor 2012: 1). Both authors analyzed here employ affective ambivalence (Taylor 2012: 2). The article uses Tim Clarke’s (2021) concept of morbid vitalism to analyse how the two novels engage with a central problem of modernity: how to live in the context of despair. This question is viewed from a gendered perspective. The article builds on Taylor’s and Clarke’s analysis of Barnes, enriching their interpretations with insights from other scholars to bring the notion of affective modernism into the study of Estonian literature.

The analysis shows that Barnes’s novel provides an excellent example of morbid vitalism, showing recognizable affective tensions between life and death, felt especially keenly in the social margins where gender trouble does not permit characters to identify with normative social fantasies. Marginality becomes a privilege that permits the characters to see the contradictions in ideologies promising coherent subjecthood and to create modes of being that are oriented towards death while remaining open to the presence of others. The morbidity of Morn’s novel does not come to a similar understanding of affects and embodiment or embrace the vital potential of morbidity. “Nightwood” challenges the binary gender system, while “The Talented Parasite” fails to break out of the culturally prescribed internalized misogyny.

However, both novels test the boundaries of affective modernism. Women writers faced the especially difficult task of finding ways of writing about bodies and emotions without being criticized for dated sentimentality. Both texts provide new modes of affective writing, in which the body is present in the text, but not subjected to stereotypical emotional regimes. Barnes is bolder in her project. Morn, despite the pessimism of her final conclusion, addresses the same range of questions about representing the affects created by living outside of social expectation. Barnes does not grant a happy ending to her freak dandies, but affords them considerable vitality. Morn’s conclusion is pessimistic: the marginal can escape only into death. Both novels pose the question of how to live with despair and both conclude that the only answer can be found in affective ambivalence.

 

Raili Marling (b. 1973), PhD, University of Tartu, Professor of English Studies (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), raili.marling@ut.ee

References

Adkins, Peter 2022. The Modernist Anthropocene: Nonhuman Life and Planetary Change in James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes. (Edinburgh Critical Studies in Modernist Culture.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474481984

Ahmed, Sara 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bair, Deidre 1995. Anaïs Nin: A Biograhy. New York: Putnam.

Barnes, Djuna 1985. Interviews. Toim Alyce Barry, Douglas Messerli. Los Angeles: Sun and Moon Press.

Barnes, Djuna 2016. Öömets. Tlk Krista Mits. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 11–13.

Blyn, Robin 2008. Nightwood’s freak dandies: Decadence in the 1930s. – Modernism/­modernity, kd 15, nr 3, lk 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.0.0004

Brennan, Teresa 2004. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Caselli, Daniela 2009. Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’s Bewildering Corpus. New York: Routledge.

Chisholm, Dianne 1997. Obscene modernism: Eros Noir and the profane illumination of Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 69, nr 1, lk 167–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928172

Cixous, Hélène 1972. The Exile of James Joyce. Tlk Sally A. J. Purcell. New York: David Lewis.

Clarke, Tim 2021. Morbid vitalism: Death, decadence, and spinozism in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth-Century Literature, kd 67, nr 2, lk 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-9084328

Cole, Merrill 2006. Backwards ventriloquy: The historical uncanny in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 52, nr 4, lk 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2006-1005

DeKoeven, Marianne 1989. Gendered doubleness and the “origins” of modernist form. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 8, nr 1, lk 19–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/463878

Downing, Lisa 2011. Notes on a proto-queer Rachilde: Decadence, deviance and (reverse) discourse in La Marquise de Sade. – Sexualities, kd 15, nr 1, lk 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711432093

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau 2014. “Virile thought”: Modernist maleness, poetic forms and practices. – Modernism and Masculinity. Toim Natalya Lusty, Julian Murphet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139097123.003

Frank, Joseph 1945. Spatial form in modern literature: An essay in two parts. – The Sewanee Review, kd 53, nr 1, lk 221–240; kd 53, nr 2, lk 433–456; kd 53, nr 4, lk 643–653.

Fuchs, Miriam 1993. Djuna Barnes and T. S. Eliot: Authority, resistance, and acquiescence. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 12, nr 2, lk 288–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/463931

Gallagher, Jean 2001. Vision and inversion in Nightwood. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 47, nr 2, lk 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2001.0023

Glavey, Brian 2009. Dazzling estrangement: Modernism, queer ekphrasis, and the spatial form of Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 124, nr 3, lk 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.749

Goody, Alex 2007. Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288300_2

Grigorjeva, Sveta 2022. Naised, taimed ja juurdumine maastikku. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 79–98.

Gutkin, Len 2014. Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and decadent style. – Literature Compass, kd 11, nr 6, lk 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12142

Hasselblatt, Cornelius 2016. Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu. (Heuremata. Humanitaarteaduslikke monograafiaid.) Tlk Mari Tarvas, Maris Saagpakk, Ave Mattheus. Tallinn–Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heise, Thomas 2009. Degenerate Sex and the City: Djuna Barnes’s urban under­world. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 55, nr 3, lk 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2009-4004

Herring, Phillip F. 1995. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Penguin Books.

Herring, Scott 2007. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226327921.001.0001

Hinrikus, Rutt 1998. Reed Morni tee ja tõde. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 521–534; nr 9, lk 622–634.

Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael 2016. Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jonsson, AnnKatrin 2005. Nightwood and the limits of representation. – Textual Ethics ­Studies, or: Locating Ethics. (Critical Studies 26.) Toim Anna Fahreaus, A. Jonsson. ­Leiden: Brill, lk 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202046_017

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Lamos, Colleen R. 2017. The men of 1914. – The Cambridge History of Modernism. Toim Vincent Sherry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139540902.030

Lauretis, Teresa de 2008. Freud’s Drive: Psychoanalysis, Literature and Film. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lepsoo, Tanel 2020. Mediated world and attention crisis: Unhappy consciousness a hundred years ago. – Interlitteraria, kd 25, nr 1, lk 110–123. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2020.25.1.11

Marling, Raili; Talviste, Eret 2022. Võõristusest läheduseni. Kehad ja meeled Emil Tode „Raadios”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 387–403. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk773a1

Massumi, Brian 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.

McGuigan, John 2009. Against the “Foetus of Symmetry”: Sur-Realism and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood. – The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, kd 41, nr 2, lk 18–43.

Morn, Reed 2008. Andekas parasiit. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Nirk, Endel 1985. Avardumine. Vaatlusi eesti romaani arenguteelt. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Oras, Ants 1939. Naiskirjanikest mujal ja meil. – Looming, nr 6, lk 659–663; nr 7, lk 735–741.

Ryan, Derek 2015. Virginia Woolf and the Materiality of Theory: Sex, Animal, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Seitler, Dana 2001. Down on all fours: Atavistic perversions and the science of desire from Frank Norris to Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 73, nr 2, lk 525–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-73-3-525

Sherry, Vincent 2014. Modernism and the Reinvention of Decadence. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139941570

Smith, Victoria L. 1999. A story beside(s) itself: The language of loss in Djuna Barnes’ ­Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 114, nr 2, lk 194–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/463391

Stevenson, Guy 2020. Diluting holy writ: From the ‘Men of 1914’ to the beat generation. – ­Textual Practice, kd 34, nr 9, lk 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2020.1808300

Stewart, Kathleen 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822390404

Taylor, Julie 2012. Djuna Barnes and Affective Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748646760

Warren, Diana 2008. Djuna Barnes’ Consuming Fictions. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.

Watts, Kara; Hall, Molly Volanth; Hackett, Robin (toim) 2019. Affective Materialities: Reori­enting the Body in Modernist Literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056289.001.0001

Weir, David 2009. Decadent Culture in the United States. Albany: SUNY Press.

Keywords: translation history, translator studies, multipositionality, gender

The perspective of multipositionality as a means of taking a holistic approach to a person’s multiple lives, i.e. to their different professional fields of activity, has been used to a great effect in translation (including translator) studies. This article explores the feasibility of adapting this concept to the Estonian literary context by looking at the case of Marta Sillaots (1887–1969), known to the wider public mostly as a translator and critic. Less known is her work as a teacher, journalist, and an author of not just children’s stories, but of adult prose, too.

It was primarily the archival sources which demonstrated that Sillaots’ literary and non-literary activities at the start of her career, in the first decades of the 20th century, took several interrelated forms with transferred interests and shifting authority from one field of activity to another. An exploration of Sillaots’ multiple lives unveils a young woman’s professional literary aspirations in their complex, intertwined nature, and reveals her means of survival within the restrictions, conventions and limitations of the largely patriarchal early 20th century Estonian literary landscape.

 

Külliki Steinberg (b. 1970), MA, University of Tartu, Doctoral Student in Translation ­History and Translator Studies at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), kulliki.steinberg@ut.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 92, m 276:26. O/ü „Noor-Eesti” käsikirjad. Kirjad Marta Sillaots-Rannat’ilt. 06.09.1918–04.01.1938.

f 155, m 3:7. Marta Reichenbach’i kirjad Eduard Virgo’le. 22.05.1953–03.07.1954.

f 155, m 28:1. Eduard Virgo. „Tallinna Kaja” käsikirjad Marta Reichenbach’ilt (Marta Sillaots). 1915.

f 185, m 4:7. Karl August Hindrey. Marta Sillaots. 16.03.1936.

f 194, m 21:51. „Eesti Biograafiline Leksikon” (EBL). Marta Sillaots (Reichenbach). 11.03.1927–20.06.1928.

f 275, m 15:15. Marta Sillaots-Reichenbach’i kirjad Johannes Aavik’ule. 16.12.1912–23.10.1916.

 

Kirjandus

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Postimees 29. III (11. IV), lk 5.

Aavik, Johannes 1912. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Tallinna Teataja 11. (24.) IV, lk 2.

Aavik, Johannes 1913a. Õigekeelsuslikud arvustused. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 315–319.

Aavik, Johannes 1913b. Eesti õigekeelsuse ja keele ilu küsimus. Vastuseletuseks hra Jõge­verile. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 422–427.

Adson, Artur 2017. Siuru-raamat. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Dekker, Rudolf 2002. Jacquer Presser’s Heritage: Egodocuments in the Study of History. – Memoria y Civilización, nr 5, lk 13–37. https://doi.org/10.15581/001.5.33803

EBL 1926–1929 = Eesti biograafiline leksikon. (Akadeemilise Ajaloo-Seltsi toimetused II. Academicae Societatis Historicae scripta II. Estonia.) Peatoim A. R. Cederberg. Toim Henrik Koppel, Johan Kõpp, Andrus Saareste, Peeter Treiberg, Friedebert Tuglas, Richard Kleis. Tartu: K./Ü. Loodus.

Eisen, Matthias Johann 1914. Anderseni muinasjutud I. Eesti keelde Anna Haava. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 16–17.

Gielen, Katiliina 2012. Marta Sillaotsa eksplitsiitne ja implitsiitne tõlkepoeetika. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 104–117. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.571

Guzmán, María Constanza 2020. (re)Visiting the translator’s archive: Toward a genealogy of translation in the Americas. – Palimpsestes, nr 34, lk 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.5538

J. A. [Johannes Aavik] 1913. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Postimees 13. (26.) VI, lk 1–2.

Jürgenstein, Anton 1913. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 9, lk 345–347.

Kaal, Alma 1937. Mõnest iseloomulikust joonest Marta Sillaotsa tegevuses. (Tema 50-nda sünnipäeva puhul.) – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 227–234.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. Kõverpeeglist uute prillideni: soouurimus ja kirjandus. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–56.

Krusten, Reet 1967. Marta Sillaots kaheksakümnendal künnisel. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 295–297.

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Pilguheit ühe virga naise teele ja tööle. – O. Kruus, Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 171–183.

Kuningas, Oskar 1987. Mälestuspilte Marta Sillaotsast. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 309–312.

Kuurme, Tiiu 2011. Haridus, kasvatus ja sugupool. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 238–273.

Lange, Anne 2009. Otse predestineerit. – Tuna. Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, nr 3, lk 151–156.

Laos, Karl 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 198–201.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915a. Ei ole ja on. – Tallinna Kaja 26. IX, nr 38, lk 607–608.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915b. Lendur Tartus. – Tallinna Kaja 17. X, nr 41, lk 654–655.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915c. Kõiksugu ilma asjust, peaasjalikult Tartu asjust. – Tallinna Kaja 31. X, nr 43, lk 686–687.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915d. Austeli peal. – Tallinna Kaja 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 543.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915e. Lendur Tallinnas. – Tallinna Kaja 28. XI, nr 47, lk 752.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915f. Talve tulekul. – Tallinna Kaja 24. X, nr 42, lk 671–672.

Luiga, Juhan 1995. Noor-Suomi – Eesti. – J. Luiga, Mäss ja meelehaigus. (Eesti mõttelugu 1.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, lk 274–318.

Meylaerts, Reine 2013. The multiple lives of translators. – TTR (Traduction, terminologie, rédaction), kd 26, nr 2, lk 103–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037134ar

Mits, Krista 2012. Pilk ingliskeelse kirjanduse tõlgetele 18. sajandi lõpust 20. sajandi algus­veerandini. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 70–87. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.569

Möldre, Aile 2012. Ilukirjanduse tõlked 20. sajandi esimese poole Eesti ja Soome raamatu­toodangus (1900–1940). – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 88–103. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.570

Nora, Pierre 1996 [1984]. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Piibeleht, Tiit [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Luulelik potpourri. – Tallinna Kaja 15. VIII, nr 32, lk 506–509.

Raudsepp, Hugo 2013. Mait Metsanurk ja tema aeg. Ühe vaimsuse kroonika kaasaegse sulest. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Reichenbach, Marta 1912. L. Onerva. Murdjooned. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 36–39.

Saluäär, Anu 1987. Marta Sillaots 1887–1969. – Looming, nr 5, lk 672–681.

Saluäär, Anu 2009. Kirjutav eesti naine. – M. Sillaots, Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, lk 155–172.

Saluäär Anu 2013. Kirg ja kavalus? – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 63–65.

Schlager, Daniela 2021. Translator’s multipositionality, teloi and goals: The case of Harriet Martineau. – Literary Translator Studies. Toim Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, D. Schlager. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, lk 199–314. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.156.10sch

Sillaots, Marta 2009 [1939]. Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Sillaots, Marta 2012. Kirg ja kavalus. (Eesti mõttelugu 104.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

„Söömise-taidur” [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Söömisest. Vaatlused ja näpunäited. – Tallinna Kaja 10. X, nr 40, lk 637–639.

Sütiste, Elin 2012. Tõlkelugu ja kultuurimälu. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 152–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.574

Tammsaare, A. H. 1914. Midagi ilust ja „Anna Holmist”. – Vaba Sõna, nr 1, lk 39–42.

Teder, Eerik 1967. Marta Sillaots 80-aastane. – Looming, nr 5, lk 794–795.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti kirjandus 1921. – F. Tuglas, Kriitika IV. Tartu: Noor-Eesti Kirjastus, lk 162–223.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1986. Valik kirju. Koost August Eelmäe. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 1–2.

Wallace, Edgar 1915. Nelja kohus. – Tallinna Kaja 22. VIII, nr 33, lk 525–527; 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 538–541; 5. IX, nr 35, lk 557–559; 12. IX, nr 36, lk 566–569; 19. IX, nr 37, lk 588–591; 26. IX, nr 38, lk 602–607; 3. X, nr 39, lk 620–623; 10. X, nr 40, lk 634–636; 17. X, nr 41, lk 651–653; 24. X, nr 42, lk 669–671; 31. X, nr 43, lk 684–686; 7. XI, nr 44, lk 702–704; 14. XI, nr 45, lk 714–719; 21. XI, nr 46, lk 730–733; 28. XI, nr 47, lk 750–752; 5. XII, nr 48, lk 762–768.

Keyword: New Woman, literary decadence, melancholy, creativity, desire

This article analyzes Alma Ostra’s (1886–1960) literary debut, the novella “Aino” (1923), which carries an air of decadence combined with naturalistic elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the fin de siècle period, decadent aesthetics was a province mostly occupied by men. Several gender-sensitive cultural researchers have shown that the attitudes (such as elitism, individualism, colonialism) and imagery contained in these texts are misogynistic by nature. Building on this, feminist scholars have asked how the forms of decadent aesthetics employed by male authors of the time are reshaped in the texts by women authors, and whether and in which ways these transformations can be seen as feminist practice. Proceeding from these questions, this article explores how Ostra’s work reutilizes three interrelated tropes commonly found in decadent aesthetics: ambivalent melancholy, sexual desire, and creativity. The study reveals how the chosen affective states, characters, and ideas of decadence are employed in “Aino” to critique manifestations of patriarchy, such as double standards, rigid gender roles, and rape culture, whereas such criticism appears more laboured in texts by Ostra’s male colleagues, for example Tuglas and Aavik, with whom “Aino” engages in dialogue.

The decadent, ambivalent mode of expression is a dominant note in “Aino,” allowing, on the one hand, for the portrayal of disappointments associated with womanhood, and on the other hand, for expressions of enthusiasm, thereby representing aspects of the female experience in early 20th-century literature in a nuanced way. The central affect of melancholy depicted in the text triggers depression and creativity, disdain for love, as well as pleasurable, sexually charged scenes – elements that have largely been overlooked in other works of the period. The infusion of the naturalist trope of race – the deep psyche and affective nature of the human groups active in a particular region (nationality) – into Aino’s self-perception adds suggestiveness to the negative emotions caused by gender-based constraints. Ostra’s work portrays the double oppression experienced by Estonian female students of the time, both in rural and (academic) urban environments. The perception of women’s entrapment is balanced by descriptions of new forms of female subjectivity – such as the intensely imaginative female thinker-artist – pointing towards a more harmonious future, gender-wise, and a hopeful outlook for women. As such, “Aino” engages in a critical conversation with both the anti-feminist lines of thought that perpetuate women’s lack of creative capacity and independence, and the feminist theories of the first half of the 20th century, which emphasized women’s autonomy as well as the importance of their sexual fulfilment.

 

Merlin Kirikal (b. 1986), PhD, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Under and Tuglas Literature Centre, Senior Researcher (Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn), merlinkirikal@gmail.com

References

ARHIIVIALLIKAD

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 193, m 105:56. Eesti avalikkude tegelaste elulugude kogu. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

f 194, m 19:11. „Eesti biograafiline leksikon”. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

 

KIRJANDUS

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1923. Kirjandusest. Alma Ostra. Aino. – Postimees 21. II, lk 4.

Battersby, Christine 1989. Gender and Genius: Towards a Feminist Aesthetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350926790

Baudelaire, Charles 2010. 66 kurja lille. Koost Ain Kaalep, tlk A. Kaalep, August Sang, Märt Väljataga. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.

Belobrovtseva, Irina; Meimre, Aurika 2005. Peterburi tekst XX sajandi Eesti kirjanduses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 609–616.

Boyiopoulos, Kostas 2022. The decadent short story: Forms of the morbid. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.17

Bühler-Dietrich, Annette 2011. Contestations of normativity: Rereading nineteenth-century authors with current moral philosophy. – German Women’s Writing of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Future Directions in Feminist Criticism. Toim Helen Fronius, Anna Richards. New York: Legend, lk 140–154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093611-11

Cole, Richard 2015. Fear and precarious life after political representation in Baudelaire. – Modernism and Affect. Toim Julie Taylor. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, lk 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748693269-012

Condé, Alice 2022. Contemporary contexts: Decadence today and tomorrow.  – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.6

Constable, Liz; Potolsky, Matthew; Denisoff, Dennis 1999. Introduction. – Perennial Decay: On the Aesthetics and Politics of Decadence. Toim L. Constable, M. Potolsky, D. Denisoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, lk 1–34. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292480-001

Craske, Helen 2018. Desire and the demi-vierge: The impenetrable ideal in decadent fiction. – Dix-Neuf, kd 22, nr 1–2, lk 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2018.1476438

Desmarais, Jane; Condé, Alice 2017. Introduction. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim J. Desmarais, A. Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.6

Desmarais, Jane; Weir, David (toim) 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.001.0001

Dierkes-Thrun, Petra 2017. Decadent sensuality in Rachilde and Wilde. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim Jane Desmarais, Alice Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 51–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.9

Elo ja Friedebert Tuglas. Kirjad teineteisele 1917–1947. Koost August Eelmäe. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, 2001.

Felski, Rita 1995. The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036796

Flatley, Jonathan 2008. Affective Mappings: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Cambridge–London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036963

Friedman, Dustin 2021. “The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aesthet­icism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses. – Feminist Modernist Studies, kd 4, nr 2, lk 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950475

H. P. 1923. Kirjandus. Aino. Romaan. Alma Ostra. – Agu, nr 9, lk 286–288.

H. R. [Hugo Raudsepp] 1923. Aino. Alma Ostra romaani ilmumise puhul. – Vaba Maa 17. IV, lk 5–6.

Haug, Toomas 1987. Salakorterist linnavalitsusse. – Vikerkaar, nr 11, lk 66–69.

Hawthorne, Melanie 2022. The interwar period: Legacies of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.5

Higonnet, Margaret 1986. Speaking silences: Women’s suicide. – The Female Body in Western Culture. Contemporary Perspectives. Toim Susan Rubin Suleiman. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London, England: Harvard University Press, lk 68–83.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006a. J. Randvere „Ruth” ja Otto Weiningeri „Geschlecht und Charakter”. – J. Randvere „Ruth” 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse kultuuris. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 1.) Toim M. Hinrikus. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 145–169.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006b. Spleen the Estonian way: Estonian literary decadence in J. Randvere’s „Ruth” (1909), Friedebert Tuglas’ „Felix Ormusson” (1915), and A. H. Tammsaare’s novellas „Noored hinged” (1909) and „Kärbes” (1917). – Interlitteraria, nr 11, lk 305−321.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Decadent modernism and the imprint of Taine in Aino Kallas’ Young Estonia: Portraits and trajectories. – Aino Kallas, Negotiations with Modernity. Toim Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, lk 66–90.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2014. Ambivalentsest dekadentsist ja selle sümptomitest Paul Bourget’ ja Friedrich Nietzsche tekstides ning Friedebert Tuglase romaanis „Felix Ormusson”. –Autogenees ja ülekanne. Moodsa kultuuri kujunemine Eestis. (Collegium litterarum 25.) Koost Rein Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 199–236.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2015. Tammsaare’s constructions of femininity in light of Weininger’s concept of sex difference. – Journal of Baltic Studies, kd 46, nr 2, lk 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.981672

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2017. Kurja lillede lapsed. Sissejuhatus eesti dekadentlikku kunsti. – Kurja lillede lapsed. Eesti dekadentlik kunst. Toim M. Hinrikus, Lola Annabel Kass, Liis Pählapuu. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstimuuseum, lk 17–55.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2022. Autentsuse probleemid: tõu(sik)rahvuslus, sünteesid ja „Felix Ormusson”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Koost M. Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 267–332.

Hinrikus, Mirjam; Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Decadence as dynamism and mutability: The ­Nietzschean-Bergsonian imprint in the rarly works of A. H. Tammsaare and J. Semper. – Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, nr 100, lk 717−740.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hinrikus, Rutt 2011. Eesti naine, haridus ja „naisterahva küsimus” 20. sajandi alguses. – ENÜS 100. Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts. Vaated ajalukku. Tartu: ENÜS, lk 33–41.

Huddleston, Andrew 2022. Philosophy: Post-Kantian narratives of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.36

Huysmans, Joris-Karl 2013. Äraspidi. (Ajavaim.) Tlk Leena Tomasberg. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Jürgenstein, M. 1923. „Aino”. Alma Ostra. – Üliõpilasleht, nr 4, lk 58–59.

Kallas, Aino 1929. Ants Raudjalg. – A. Kallas, Kogutud teosed I. Mere tagant. Ants Raudjalg. Tlk Friedebert Tuglas. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kirjastus, lk 147–278.

Karjahärm, Toomas; Sirk, Väino 1997. Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Kirikal, Merlin 2021. Viriloid women and bodiless men: On modern sexualities in the oeuvre of Johannes Semper. – Interlitteraria, nr 2, lk 448–463. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2021.26.2.9

Kirss, Tiina 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid naisajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. „Uus naine” ja Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Seltsi algaastad. – Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts 100. Vaateid ajaloost. Toim T. Kirss, Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–44.

Kirss, Tiina 2015. Kui naised Bebelit lugesid. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 80–104.

Kivimäe, Sirje; Tamul, Sirje 1999. Naisüliõpilased Tartu Ülikoolis 1905–1918. – Vita academica, vita feminea. Koost S. Tamul. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 93–126.

Kollontai 1919 = Александра Коллонтaй, Новая женщина. – A. Коллонтай, Новая мораль и рабочий класс. Москва: Издательство ВЦИК, c. 3–35.

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. Doctoral Thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.

Lappalainen, Päivi 2007. The politics of naturalism: Women and fiction in the 1880s. – Women’s Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Toim P. Lappalainen, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 35–52.

Ledger, Sally 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press.

Lepp, Marta 2010 [1923]. 1905. aasta romantika, järellained, lõppvaatus. (Eesti mälu 18.) ­Tallinn: Eesti Päeva­leht.

Leppänen, Katarina 2008. Elin Wägner’s Alarm Clock: Ecofeminist Theory in the Interwar Era. Plymouth: Lexington Books.

Lind, Marianne 2018. Dekadentlik esteetika Jaan Oksa proosaloomingus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool.

Linde, Bernhard 1923. Toimetusele saadetud kiri. – Postimees 4. III, lk 5.

Lindsalu, Elo 2008. Naisekuju modelleerimine XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjanduses. Analüütiline ülevaade. (Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid.) ­Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Lukas, Liina 2004. New women baltisaksa kirjanduses. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 150–171.

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2003. The allure of decadence: French reflections in a Finnish looking glass. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siècle. (Studia Fennica Litteraria 1.) Toim P. Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, ­­lk 12–30. https://doi.org/10.21435/sflit.1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2020. Passions against the grain: Decadent emotions in Finnish wilderness. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 87–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-7

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2022. Nordic cultures: From wilderness to metropolitan decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.12

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020a. Decadence in Nordic literature: An overview. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 3–37. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020b. Preface. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk xvii–xviii. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Mahoney, Kristin 2019. Dainty malice: Ada Leverson and post-Victorian decadent feminism. – Decadence in the Age of Modernism. Toim Kate Hext, Alex Murray. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, lk 27–46.

Mahoney, Kristin 2022. The decadent novel: Generic inversions. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.16

Manne, Kate 2018. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. London: Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Mesch, Rachel 2006. The Hysteric’s Revenge: French Women Writers at the Fin de Siècle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Molarius, Päivi 2003. “Will the Human Race Degenerate?” The Individual, the Family and the Fearsome Spectre of Degeneracy in Finnish Literature of the late 19th and Early 20th Century. – Changing Scenes: Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 121–142.

Nietzsche, Friedrich 1996. Ecce homo. Kuidas saadakse selleks, mis ollakse. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Vagabund.

Offen, Karen M. 2000. European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162

Ostra, Alma 1923. Aino. Tallinn: Varrak.

Ostra, Alma 2016. Mälestised 1905. a. revolutsioonist. – 1905. aasta Eestis. Mälestused. Toim Toomas Karjahärm. Tallinn: Argo, lk 35–44.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2003. Free Love, Mystical Union or Prostitution? The Dissonant Love Stories of L. Onerva. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 54–84.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2014. Decadent New Woman (Un)Bound: Mimetic Strategies in L. Onerva’s Mirdja. [Doktoritöö.] University of Turku.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2019. Decadent New Woman’s ironic subversions: L. Onerva’s multi-layered irony. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 82−99.

Potolsky, Matthew 2021. Decadence and realism. – Victorian Literature and Culture, kd 49, nr 4, lk 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150320000248

Puik, Katrin 2022. Irooniast Friedebert Tuglase „Felix Ormussonis”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 60–79.

Pynsent, Robert B. 1989. Conclusory essay: Decadence, decay and innovation. – Decadence and Innovation. Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century. Toim R. Pynsent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, lk 111–248.

Randvere, J. 1980. Ruth. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 34–35. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Richardson, Angelique 2003. The life sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution”. – A Concise Companion to Modernism. Toim David Bradshaw. Malden–Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, lk 1–33.

Roelofs, Joan 2018. Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist feminism in theory and practice. – International Critical Thought, kd 8, nr 1, lk 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436

Roose, Arthur 1924. Eesti luule- ja proosatoodang 1923. – Päevalehe lisa 31. III, lk 102–104.

Rossi, Riikka 2019. Primitive passions and nostalgia for nature: Decadence and primitivism in Maria Jotuni’s Work. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 100–119.

Rønning, Anne Birgitte 2020. Decadence and female subjectivity in Dagny Juel’s prose poems. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 155–172.

Sakova, Aija 2005/2006. Eesti naise ühiskondlik-poliitiline ja perekondlik roll 1920ndate aastate alguses Emma Asson-Petersoni näitel. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 121–129.

Semper, Johannes 1914. Entusiasmi kultur (E. Verhaereni Venemaal viibimise puhuks). – Vaba Sõna, nr 2, lk 74–77.

Semper, Johannes 1926. Meie kirjanduse teed. – Looming, nr 7, lk 764–774.

Semper, Johannes 2013. Päevaraamatud. Toim Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Sengoopta, Chandak 2000. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press.

Showalter, Elaine 1993. Introduction. – Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin de Siècle. Toim E. Showalter. United Kingdom: Rutgers University Press, Virago Press, lk vii–xx.

Sillaots, Marta 1927. Neli „inimest ilma eluloota”. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 606–612.

Silverman, Debora L. 2018. Boundaries: Bourgeois Belgium and “tentacular” modern­ism. – Modern Intellectual History, kd 15, nr 1, lk 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244317000245

Snyder, Jane McIntosh 1998. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1978. Pikad sammud. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 2. kd. Jutustused (1907–1910). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 85–164.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1979. Kärbes. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 3. kd. Miniatuurid, jutustused, novellid (1909–1921). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 123–253.

Vakker, Triin 2012. Rahvusliku religiooni konstrueerimise katsed 1920.–1930. aastate Eestis – taara usk. – Mäetagused, nr 50, lk 175–198. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2012.50.vakker

Vardi, Sophia 1914. Esimesed tuuled. Tartu: Noor-Eesti.

Viljamaa, Piret; Hillermaa, Rita 2010. Naised Eesti parlamendis 1917–1940, 1992–2019. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.

Vuorikuru, Silja 2018. Maailma südames. Tlk Sirje Olesk. Tallinn: Varrak.

Weir, David 1995. Decadence and the Making of Modernism. Amherst: University of ­Massachusetts Press.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004a. Preface. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic Opening: Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk vii–xiv.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004b. Introduction. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic ­Opening. Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk 1–14.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004c. Towards a feminist genealogy of modernism: The narcissistic turn in Lou Andreas-Salomé and Edith Södergran. – Gender – Power – Text: Nordic Culture in the Twentieth Century. Toim Helena Forsås-Scott. Norwich: Norvik Press, lk 61–76.

PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.

Timonen, Senni (toim) 1980. Näin lauloi Larin Paraske. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Tvauri, Andres 2001. Muinas-Tartu. Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusloost. (Muinasaja teadus 10.) Tallinn–Tartu: Ajaloo Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli arheoloogia õppetool.

Valk, Ülo 1993. Kust tuli Ilmalind? Läänemeresoome loomisloo päritolust I–II. – Vikerkaar, nr 2, lk 21–29; nr 3, lk 61–66.

Van De Bogart, Willard G. 2014. The Giant Swing (Lo Ching Cha): Brahmanical origins and its significance to the religious culture of Thailand. – Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. Toim Pranee Liamputtong. Dordrecht: Springer, lk 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7244-1_2

Viidalepp, Richard 1936. Eesti muistsest kiigekultuurist. – Nädal Pildis, nr 10, lk 220–222.

Vissel, Anu 2002. Eestlaste kiigekultuur enne ja nüüd. – Mäetagused, nr 21, lk 7–84. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2002.21.kiik

Keywords: literature didactics, teaching poetry, basic psychological needs

In recent years, discussions about the modernization of literature education have gained prominence. However, there persists a lack of insight into the actual practices occurring in schools. From the perspective of poetry education, it is crucial to delve into the reality of how poetry is taught in Estonian schools. There is a dearth of information on which authors are being taught, how poetry is approached, and how students are supported in their reading. This article is the first to address these questions. It offers a comprehensive analysis that maps the position of poetry within Estonian schools and thus points to potential future scenarios concerning the societal role of poetry. It is worth noting that our research is not meant to examine the entirety of poetry education but specifically focuses on the treatment of poetry collections.

The study is based on a semi-structured survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, involving 84 literature teachers from across Estonia. The questions addressed the poetry works covered, preferred authors, approaches to poetry collections, and the challenges encountered in poetry education. These aspects were examined within the context of decades of research in poetry didactics.

Teachers report students’ limited appreciation for literature, infrequent reading habits, difficulties in grasping figurative language, and a restricted vocabulary. Furthermore, they highlight a lack of suitable teaching materials for poetry. Teachers acknowledge their own limited knowledge of poetry and poetry collections. This creates a cycle where teachers’ prior experiences with poetry collections hamper their enthusiasm for teaching, thus perpetuating the absence of a tradition. Contemporary and foreign poetry is frequently avoided. One-third of teachers fail to provide adequate support during independent reading. A significant portion of teachers concludes poetry collection instruction with creative projects.

This study reveals that poetry, particularly in the form of poetry collections, occupies a marginalized space in literature classrooms. Around a quarter of students complete their basic education without ever having read any poetry collections. Teachers grapple with a shortage of suitable teaching materials and require substantial support. Given these challenges, fostering an enhanced poetry education hinges on collaboration between literary studies and didactics to unlock the pedagogical-poetic potential of poetry and make it more visible. In summary, both teachers and poetry are in need of assistance, and this study underscores the challenges that underlie poetry instruction.

Marie Udam (b. 1991), MA, Narva Estonian School, literature and Estonian language teacher (Hariduse 3, 20307 Narva), marie.udam@nerg.ee

Joosep Susi (b. 1989), MA, Tallinn University, junior lecturer of Literature Didactics and Estonian Literature (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), jsusi@tlu.ee

Merilyn Meristo (b. 1975), PhD, Tallinn University, associate professor (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), merilyn.meristo@tlu.ee

References

Adamson, Ele 2015. Luule õpetamine gümnaasiumis: kirjandusõpetajate pedagoogilised arusaamad ja metoodilised lähenemised. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeele­teaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/47092?show=full

Belle, Crystal 2016. Don’t believe the hype: Hip-hop literacies and English education. – Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, kd 60, nr 3, lk 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.574

Benton, Michael 1978. Poetry for children: a neglected art. – Children’s Literature in Education, kd 9, nr 3, lk 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01142921

Benton, Peter 1986. Pupil, Teacher, Poem. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Benton, Peter 2000. The conveyor belt curriculum? Poetry teaching in the secondary school II. – Oxford Review of Education, kd 26, nr 1, lk 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/030549800103872

Bryer, Theo; Lindsay, Morlette; Wilson, Rebecca 2014. A take on a Gothic poem: Tablet film-making and literary texts. – Changing English, kd 21, nr 3, lk 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2014.929284

Coles, Jane; Bryer, Theo 2018. Reading as enactment: transforming Beowulf through drama, film and computer game. – English in Education, kd 52, nr 1, lk 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2018.1414419

Creely, Edwin 2019. “Poetry is dying”: creating a (re)new(ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. – Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, kd 42, nr 2, lk 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03652031

Culler, Jonathan 2017. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press.

Dahlbäck, Katharina; Lyngfelt, Anna; Bengtsdotter Katz, Viktoria 2018. Views of poetry as a competence expressed by students in teacher education. – Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, kd 15, lk 101–119. https://doi.org/10.12775/ths.2018.007

Deci, Richard M; Ryan, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. – American Psychologist, kd 55, nr 1, lk 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Delchamps, Vivian 2018. Teaching poetry through dance. – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim Sandra Lee Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_3

Dressman, Mark 2015. The paradox of poetry education. – The Routledge International Hand­book of the Arts and Education. Abingdon–New York: Routledge, lk 203–211.

Farber, Jerry 2015. On not betraying poetry. – Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, kd 15, nr 2, lk 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1215/15314200-2844985

GRÕK 2023 = Gümnaasiumi riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 6. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_gym_lisa1.pdf#

Haramija, Dragica; Batič, Janja 2018. The role of illustration in interpreting a multi­modal literary text. – The New Educational Review, kd 52, nr 2, lk 195–205. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2018.52.2.15

Hennoste, Tiit 1997. Kaanon. Kaanan. – Vikerkaar, nr 12, lk 59–70.

Höglund, Heidi 2017. Video Poetry: Negotiating Literary Interpretations. Students Multi­modal Designing in Response to Literature. [Doktoritöö.] Åbo Akademi University.

Jusslin, Sofia; Höglund, Heidi 2021. Entanglements of dance/poetry: Creative dance in students’ poetry reading and writing. – Research in Dance Education, kd 22, nr 3, lk 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2020.1789088

Kalamees-Ruubel, Katrin 2014. Eesti keele ja kirjandusõpetuse roll eesti õppekeelega üld­hariduskooli õppekavas 1917–2014. Ajaloolis-analüütiline käsitlus. (Tallinna Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste dissertatsioonid 80.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, kasvatusteaduste instituut. https://www.etera.ee/zoom/1943/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info

Kivi, Kersti 2017. Luule käsitlemise võimalusi põhikooli II astmes. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kleppe, Sandra Lee 2018. Teaching poetry with painting: “Why do yo thus devise evil against her?” – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim S. L. Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_5

Kovalik, Kate; Curwood, Jen Scott 2019. #poetryisnotdead: understanding Instagram poetry within a transliteracies framework. – Literacy, kd 53, nr 4, lk 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12186

Kullo, Katrin 2021. Kooliraamatukogude varustatuse mõju ilukirjandusteoste valikule ja käsitlus­viisidele kirjandusõpetuses. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kumar, Tracey 2018. The battle for rap: Problems and possibilities in teacher education. – Teaching Education, kd 29, nr 2, lk 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1377695

Lantolf, James P.; Poehner, Matthew E. 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813850

Lotman, Juri 2006. Kunstilise teksti struktuur. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Pärt Lias. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Merilai, Arne 2004. Kooli kirjandusõpetusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 610–615.

Meyer, Oliver; Coyle, Do 2017. Pluriliteracies teaching for learning: conceptualizing progression for deeper learning in literacies development. – European Journal of Applied Linguistics, kd 5, nr 2, lk 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0006

Nool, Kerli 2021. Luulekogu käsitlemine 6. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Org, Andrus 2000. Luule õpetamise metoodika gümnaasiumis. Õpetajakoolituse lõputöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti kirjanduse ja teatriteaduse õppetool.

Paasik, Merli 2013. Luulekogu õpetamise võimalusi põhikooli kirjandustunnis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/31440

Palk, Eliise 2020. Algajate eesti keele ja kirjanduse õpetajate töökoormus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Palmiste, Tiia 2021. Hiiumaaga seotud luuletajate ja nende luulekogude käsitlus põhikoolis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeeleteatuse instituut.

Pieper, Irene 2020. L1 Education and the place of literature. – Rethinking L1 Education on a Global Era: Understanding the (Post-) National L1 Subjects in New and Difficult Times. Toim Bill Green, Per-Olof Erixon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, lk 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55997-7_6

Poetry in Schools: A Survey of Practice 2006/2007. London: Ofsted.

PRÕK 2023 = Põhikooli riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 1. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_pohi_lisa1.pdf#

Päll, Kristiane 2023. Räpptekstide käsitlemine 8. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Řeřichová, Vlasta; Vala, Jaroslav; Sladová, Jana 2014. Poetry in school – the old issues and new challenges. – e-Pedagogium, kd 14, nr 4, lk 127–139. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2014.048

Rosenblatt, Louise M. 1978. The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of Literary Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Salm, Kaisa 2012. Kujundlikkuse käsitlemine eesti keele ja kirjanduse õppematerjalides põhikooli III astmes. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/35309

Sigvardsson, Anna 2017. Teaching poetry reading in secondary education: Findings from a systematic literature review. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 61, nr 5, lk 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1172503

Sigvardsson, Anna 2020. Don’t fear poetry! Secondary teachers’ key strategies for engaging pupils with poetic texts. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 64, nr 6, lk 953–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1650823

Simecek, Karen; Rumbold, Kate 2016. The uses of poetry. – Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, kd 23, nr 4, lk 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2016.1230300

Sulkunen, Sari; Arffman, Inga 2010. Key element No 4: Choosing engaging reading materials. – ADORE – Teaching Struggling Adolescent Readers in European Countries. Toim Christine Garbe, Karl Holle, Svantje Weinhold. Frankfurt am Main–Berlin–Bern–Bruxelles–New York–Oxford–Wien: Peter Lang, lk 102–113.

Susi, Joosep; Org, Andrus 2023. Praegused noored õpivad tiu-tiu! teisiti. – Sirp 6. I, lk 29–31.

Säre, Egle 2021. Arutelu kui õppemeetod vajab taasavastamist. – Õpetajate Leht 19. III, lk 7.

Talviste, Katre 2019. Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos. – Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis, nr 4, lk 32−55. https://doi.org/10.22601/PET.2019.04.02

Vaino, Maarja 2023. Kirjandusõpe nõukogude koolis. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1–2, lk 240–254. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk782a13

Vapper, Mari 2018. Õpilaste valitud kirjandusteoste osakaal ja tähendus põhikooli II–III astme kirjandustundides. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Wandera, David B. 2016. Teaching poetry through collaborative art: an analysis of multi­modal ensembles for transformative learning. – Journal of Transformative Education, kd 14, nr 4, lk 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344616650749

Weaven, Mary; Clark, Tom 2013. “I guess it scares us” – Teachers discuss the teaching of poetry in senior secondary English. – English in Education, kd 47, nr 3, lk 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eie.12016

Xerri, Daniel 2012. Poetry teaching and multimodality: theory into practice. – Creative Education, kd 3, nr 4, lk 507–512. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34077

Young, Alice Mary 2016. High school English teachers’ experiences with poetry pedagogy. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.

Keywords: Verb Second (V2), language contact, language history, Germanic ­languages, prosody, corpus study

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies – a synchronic and a diachronic one – that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives.

The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses.

The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order.

 

Heete Sahkai (b. 1972), PhD, Institute of the Estonian Language, Senior Researcher (Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn), heete.sahkai@eki.ee

Anne Tamm (b. 1968), PhD habil., Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Associate Professor (Reviczky u. 4, 1088 Budapest), tamm.anne@kre.hu

Anders Holmberg (b. 1951), PhD, Newcastle University, School of English Literature, Language, and Linguistics, Emeritus Professor (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU), anders.holmberg@newcastle.ac.uk

Keywords: Estonian poetry, Artur Alliksaar, rhyme, alliteration, sound and meaning

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art – the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923–1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabic-accentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works.

The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar’s poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes.

The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference.

 

Rebekka Lotman (b. 1978), PhD, University of Tartu, Institute of Cultural Research, Associate Professor of World Literature (Ülikooli 16, 51003 Tartu), rebekka.lotman@ut.ee

Maria-Kristiina Lotman (b. 1974), PhD, University of Tartu, Associate Professor of Classical Philology (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), maria.lotman@ut.ee

Mihhail Lotman (b. 1952), PhD, University of Tartu, Visiting Professor of Semiotics (Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu), mihhail.lotman@ut.ee

Keywords: Yelena Skulskaya, Andrei Ivanov, identity

Contemporary methodologies increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity. In the social sciences, mass culture and literature are gaining attention as new sources of knowledge. Looking at literature through the lens of the new methodological frameworks allows for a more comprehensive study of identities and their evolution. This article applies a new methodology of studying the national identity, developed by Ted Hopf and Bentley Allan in the framework of the project Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database, which makes it possible to examine the emergence and persistence of the concept of “a Russian from Russia” as “the Other” in the identity discourse of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia after the restoration of Estonian independence. The first part of this article focuses on identifying the initial stages of the formation of this idea in Estonian Russian-language magazines that covered literature and social issues – Tallinn and Raduga. The second part analyzes the works of the two most popular and well-known Russian-speaking authors – Yelena Skulskaya and Andrei Ivanov. The analysis in complemented by interviews with the writers and references to the works of other Russian-speaking authors.

 

Elena Pavlova (b. 1975), PhD, University of Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, Research Fellow (Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu), ­elena.pavlova@ut.ee

Keywords: nationalism, transnational feminist modernism, Estonian literature, women’s writing, comparative literature

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

 

Eret Talviste (b. 1991), PhD, University of Tartu, College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Researcher of Contemporary English ­Literature (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), eret.talviste@ut.ee

 

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 245 – Friedebert Tuglas

 

Kirjandus

A. K. 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Naise teoseist kaovad poos, šest ja sädistamine alles pärast viiekümnendat eluaastat. – Vaba Maa 16. V, lk 8.

Aele, A. 1934. Noore naiskirjaniku naiselik romaan. – Sakala Pühapäev 22. XII, lk 3.

Annuk, Eve 2021. Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses „Liina” (1877). – Mäetagused, nr 81, lk 45−64. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.81.annuk

Annuk, Eve 2023. Naisproosakirjanikud kultuuriloos ja tänapäeva eesti kultuuriteadvuses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 755–774.

Annus, Epp 2017. Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226583

Berman, Jessica 2012. Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics, and Transnational Modern­ism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Berman, Jessica 2018. Practicing transnational feminist recovery today. – Feminist Modern­ist Studies, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2017.1382968

Doyle, Laura 2009. Toward a philosophy of transnationalism. – Journal of Transnational American Studies, kd 1, nr 1, lk 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5070/T811006941

Fernald, Anne E. 2013. Women’s fiction, new modernist studies, and feminism. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 59, nr 2, lk 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0024

Friedman, Susan Stanford 2001. Feminism, state fictions and violence: gender, geo­politics and transnationalism. – Communal/Plural, kd 9, nr 1, lk 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13207870124583

Hartman, Saidiya 2008. Venus in two acts. – Small Axe, kd 12, nr 26, lk 1–14.

Hennoste, Tiit 2016. Eesti kirjanduslik avangard 20. sajandi algul. Hüpped modernismi poole I. (Heuremata.) Tartu–Tallinn: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heywood, Andrew 2017. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

Hiiemäe, Sirly 2006. Naiskarakterid Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Soomustüdruk”. Bakalau­reusetöö. Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Dekadentlik modernsuskogemus A. H. Tammsaare ja nooreestlaste loomingus. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis ­Tartuensis 10.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hirsch, Marianne 2018. Feminist Archives of Possibility. – Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, kd 29, nr 1, lk 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-6681696

James, David; Seshagiri, Urmila 2014. Metamodernism: Narratives of Continuity and ­Revolution. – PMLA, kd 129, nr 1, lk 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.87

Kaljundi, Linda 2022. Decolonise that – Estonian identity as indigenous and/or white. – A Shade Colder, nr 1, https://www.ashadecolder.com/decolonise-that-estonian-identity-as-indigenous-and-or-white

Karro, Piret 2022. 150 aastat Eesti feminismi. – Vikerkaar, nr 4, lk 57–112.

Kenk, Kaire 2015. Unustusse vajunud. – Elu Lood. Eesti Naise kvartalilisa, nr 13, lk 20–27.

Kibuvits, Leida 1941. Vanad kirsipuud. – L. Kibuvits, Sipelgaõli. Tartu: RK Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, lk 79–105.

Kibuvits, Leida 1962. Orfeus II. – L. Kibuvits, Elagu inimene! Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 86–107.

Kibuvits, Leida 2003. Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Kibuvits, Leida 2022. Ladybirdred. Tlk Eret Talviste. – The Fortnightly Review, nr 2, https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2023/02/kibuvits-ladybirdred/

Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Pygmalioni ja Narkissose moodsad ümberkirjutused. Tuglase „Felix Ormusson” ja Semperi „Hiina kett”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 80–112.

Kirss, Tiina Ann 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid nais­ajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kivimaa, Katrin 2003. Nationalism, Gender and Cultural Identities: The Case of Estonian Art from the Impact of Modernity to the Post-Soviet Era 1850–2000. Leeds: University of Leeds.

Koobak, Redi; Marling, Raili 2014. The decolonial challenge: framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies. – European Journal of Women’s Studies, kd 21, nr 4, lk 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814542882

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis Tartuensis 6.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Kuznetski, Julia; Tüür, Kadri 2022. Estonian literature and ecofeminism. – The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Toim Douglas A. Vakoch. London: Routledge, lk 233–243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195610

Liivamets, Maire 2003. Mõned mõtted raamatu mõistmiseks. – Leida Kibuvits, Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 301–304.

Lindsalu, Elo 2009. Kes oli paradiisi perenaine? Naiskunstniku problemaatikast Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Paradiisi pärisperenaine”. – Looming, nr 7, lk 973–982.

Lykke, Nina 2010. Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge.

Mao, Douglas; Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2008. The new modernist studies. – PMLA, kd 123, nr 3, lk 737–748.

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Marling, Raili; Koobak, Redi 2017. Intersections of feminisms and neoliberalism: post-state-socialist Estonia in a transnational feminist framework. – Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, kd 38, nr 3, lk 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0001

McGiff, Shilo Rae 2018. „Out of the Heart of Spring”: Virginia Woolf and the Changing Shapes of Pastoral 1928-1938. Ithaca: Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.7298/waxh-c171

Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen J. (toim) 2020. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242356

Ojam, Indrek 2018. Modernismi muutuv tähendus eesti kirjanduskultuuris. Rekonstrueerimiskatse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 541–559. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk728a2

Pachmanová, Martina 2010. In? Out? In between? Some notes on the invisibility of a nascent Eastern European feminist and gender discourse in contemporary art theory. – Gender Check: A Reader. Art and Theory in Eastern Europe since the 1960s. Toim Bojana Pejic. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, lk 37–49.

Põldsaar, Raili 2008. The Baltic States. – Bonnie G. Smith (toim), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-80

Rojola, Lea 2009. „Ja ta tundis himu rääkida.” Aino Kallas, Maie Merits ja naiste hääl. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 746–757.

Saint-Amour, Paul K. 2018. Weak theory, weak modernism. – Modernism/Modernity, kd 25, nr 3, lk 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0035

Seaber, Luke; Shallcross, Michael 2019. The trouble with modernism: a dialogue. – The Modernist Review, nr 10. https://modernistreviewcouk.wordpress.com/2019/06/28/the-trouble-with-modernism/

Scott, Bonnie Kime 1990. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Soovik, Ene-Reet 2022. Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 29, lk 92–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v23i29.19033

Suchland, Jennifer 2011. Is postsocialism transnational? – Signs: Journal of Women in ­Culture and Society, kd 36, nr 4, lk 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/658899

Suburg, Lilli 1877. Liina. Ühe Eesti tütarlapse elulugu, temast enesest jutustatud. Tartu: ­Schnakenburg.

Talivee, Elle-Mari 2023. Looduskultuuri mur(d)epunkte. Meie antropotseen. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 267–285. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk783a1

Talviste, Eret 2021. Eestlus, naiste roll ja elu kui selline. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanist „Rahusõit”. – Looming, nr 6, lk 804−814.

Talviste, Eret 2022. Thoughts on peace during a train ride: Rethinking patriotism with ­Virginia Woolf and Leida Kibuvits. – Virginia Woolf Miscellany, nr 99, lk 18–20. https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2022/12/vwm99spring-fall2022-final-version.pdf

Tammsaare, A. H. 1981. Tõde ja õigus I. Kogutud teosed, 6. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Tlostanova, Madina 2012. Postsocialist ≠ postcolonial? On post-Soviet imaginary and global coloniality. – Journal of Postcolonial Writing, kd 48, nr 2, lk 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.658244

Tuglas, Friedebert 1933. Eesti romaan 1932. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 49–61.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti romaan 1934. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 109–126.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Manglus Sepapoeg. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 476–479.

Tüür, Kadri 2023. Naine kirjutab lindudest. Ökofeministlik ekskurss eesti looduskirjandusse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 847–872.

Uustalu, Linda 1985. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanimaailm. – Looming, nr 10, lk 1419–1423.

Vaino, Maarja 2012. Rist ja rõõm. Lisandusi Leida Kibuvitsa eluloole. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 755–767. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk659a3

Varrak, Toomas 2000. Estonia: crisis and ’pre-emptive’ authoritarianism. – Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Jeremy Mitchell (toim), Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–39: Systematic Case Studies. London–New York: Springer, lk 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774_5

Veski, Liisi 2023. Towards stronger national unity: statist ideas in Estonian nationalism during the “Era of Silence” (1934–1940). – Journal of Baltic Studies, lk 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2190991

Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2016. Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time. – Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, kd 18, nr 5, lk 748–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1173961

Woolf, Virginia 1992. A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. Toimetanud ja eessõna kirjutanud Morag Shiach. (Oxford World’s Classics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, Virginia 2011. Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid. – V. Woolf, The Essays of Virginia Woolf. Vol. 6: 1933–1941. Toim Stuart N. Clarke. London: Hogarth Press, lk 242–248.

Keywords: affect, modernist literature, gender, sexuality, Djuna Barnes, Reed Morn

This article focuses on American writer Djuna Barnes’s novel “Nightwood” (1936) and Estonian writer Reed Morn’s novel “The Talented Parasite” (Andekas parasiit, 1927). Specifically, the article analyses how the two novels represent bodies, affects and materiality, relying on the notion of affective modernism (Taylor 2012). English-language modernist texts have been frequently portrayed as aiming for impersonality and the rejection of emotions and sentiment. Authors like Julie Taylor have challenged this assumption, demonstrating the presence of emotions, drives and sensations in modernist texts. New research on modernism has shown modernist texts both portraying and theorizing bodies (Watts et al. 2019), discussing the relationship between the human and the non-human (Ryan 2015) as well as the Anthropocene (Adkins 2022). This article focuses on affects and senses, in particular the way affects move between bodies, being simultaneously creative and disruptive (Taylor 2012: 1). Both authors analyzed here employ affective ambivalence (Taylor 2012: 2). The article uses Tim Clarke’s (2021) concept of morbid vitalism to analyse how the two novels engage with a central problem of modernity: how to live in the context of despair. This question is viewed from a gendered perspective. The article builds on Taylor’s and Clarke’s analysis of Barnes, enriching their interpretations with insights from other scholars to bring the notion of affective modernism into the study of Estonian literature.

The analysis shows that Barnes’s novel provides an excellent example of morbid vitalism, showing recognizable affective tensions between life and death, felt especially keenly in the social margins where gender trouble does not permit characters to identify with normative social fantasies. Marginality becomes a privilege that permits the characters to see the contradictions in ideologies promising coherent subjecthood and to create modes of being that are oriented towards death while remaining open to the presence of others. The morbidity of Morn’s novel does not come to a similar understanding of affects and embodiment or embrace the vital potential of morbidity. “Nightwood” challenges the binary gender system, while “The Talented Parasite” fails to break out of the culturally prescribed internalized misogyny.

However, both novels test the boundaries of affective modernism. Women writers faced the especially difficult task of finding ways of writing about bodies and emotions without being criticized for dated sentimentality. Both texts provide new modes of affective writing, in which the body is present in the text, but not subjected to stereotypical emotional regimes. Barnes is bolder in her project. Morn, despite the pessimism of her final conclusion, addresses the same range of questions about representing the affects created by living outside of social expectation. Barnes does not grant a happy ending to her freak dandies, but affords them considerable vitality. Morn’s conclusion is pessimistic: the marginal can escape only into death. Both novels pose the question of how to live with despair and both conclude that the only answer can be found in affective ambivalence.

 

Raili Marling (b. 1973), PhD, University of Tartu, Professor of English Studies (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), raili.marling@ut.ee

References

Adkins, Peter 2022. The Modernist Anthropocene: Nonhuman Life and Planetary Change in James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes. (Edinburgh Critical Studies in Modernist Culture.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474481984

Ahmed, Sara 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bair, Deidre 1995. Anaïs Nin: A Biograhy. New York: Putnam.

Barnes, Djuna 1985. Interviews. Toim Alyce Barry, Douglas Messerli. Los Angeles: Sun and Moon Press.

Barnes, Djuna 2016. Öömets. Tlk Krista Mits. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 11–13.

Blyn, Robin 2008. Nightwood’s freak dandies: Decadence in the 1930s. – Modernism/­modernity, kd 15, nr 3, lk 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.0.0004

Brennan, Teresa 2004. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Caselli, Daniela 2009. Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’s Bewildering Corpus. New York: Routledge.

Chisholm, Dianne 1997. Obscene modernism: Eros Noir and the profane illumination of Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 69, nr 1, lk 167–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928172

Cixous, Hélène 1972. The Exile of James Joyce. Tlk Sally A. J. Purcell. New York: David Lewis.

Clarke, Tim 2021. Morbid vitalism: Death, decadence, and spinozism in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth-Century Literature, kd 67, nr 2, lk 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-9084328

Cole, Merrill 2006. Backwards ventriloquy: The historical uncanny in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 52, nr 4, lk 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2006-1005

DeKoeven, Marianne 1989. Gendered doubleness and the “origins” of modernist form. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 8, nr 1, lk 19–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/463878

Downing, Lisa 2011. Notes on a proto-queer Rachilde: Decadence, deviance and (reverse) discourse in La Marquise de Sade. – Sexualities, kd 15, nr 1, lk 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711432093

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau 2014. “Virile thought”: Modernist maleness, poetic forms and practices. – Modernism and Masculinity. Toim Natalya Lusty, Julian Murphet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139097123.003

Frank, Joseph 1945. Spatial form in modern literature: An essay in two parts. – The Sewanee Review, kd 53, nr 1, lk 221–240; kd 53, nr 2, lk 433–456; kd 53, nr 4, lk 643–653.

Fuchs, Miriam 1993. Djuna Barnes and T. S. Eliot: Authority, resistance, and acquiescence. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 12, nr 2, lk 288–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/463931

Gallagher, Jean 2001. Vision and inversion in Nightwood. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 47, nr 2, lk 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2001.0023

Glavey, Brian 2009. Dazzling estrangement: Modernism, queer ekphrasis, and the spatial form of Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 124, nr 3, lk 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.749

Goody, Alex 2007. Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288300_2

Grigorjeva, Sveta 2022. Naised, taimed ja juurdumine maastikku. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 79–98.

Gutkin, Len 2014. Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and decadent style. – Literature Compass, kd 11, nr 6, lk 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12142

Hasselblatt, Cornelius 2016. Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu. (Heuremata. Humanitaarteaduslikke monograafiaid.) Tlk Mari Tarvas, Maris Saagpakk, Ave Mattheus. Tallinn–Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heise, Thomas 2009. Degenerate Sex and the City: Djuna Barnes’s urban under­world. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 55, nr 3, lk 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2009-4004

Herring, Phillip F. 1995. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Penguin Books.

Herring, Scott 2007. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226327921.001.0001

Hinrikus, Rutt 1998. Reed Morni tee ja tõde. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 521–534; nr 9, lk 622–634.

Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael 2016. Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jonsson, AnnKatrin 2005. Nightwood and the limits of representation. – Textual Ethics ­Studies, or: Locating Ethics. (Critical Studies 26.) Toim Anna Fahreaus, A. Jonsson. ­Leiden: Brill, lk 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202046_017

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Lamos, Colleen R. 2017. The men of 1914. – The Cambridge History of Modernism. Toim Vincent Sherry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139540902.030

Lauretis, Teresa de 2008. Freud’s Drive: Psychoanalysis, Literature and Film. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lepsoo, Tanel 2020. Mediated world and attention crisis: Unhappy consciousness a hundred years ago. – Interlitteraria, kd 25, nr 1, lk 110–123. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2020.25.1.11

Marling, Raili; Talviste, Eret 2022. Võõristusest läheduseni. Kehad ja meeled Emil Tode „Raadios”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 387–403. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk773a1

Massumi, Brian 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.

McGuigan, John 2009. Against the “Foetus of Symmetry”: Sur-Realism and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood. – The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, kd 41, nr 2, lk 18–43.

Morn, Reed 2008. Andekas parasiit. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Nirk, Endel 1985. Avardumine. Vaatlusi eesti romaani arenguteelt. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Oras, Ants 1939. Naiskirjanikest mujal ja meil. – Looming, nr 6, lk 659–663; nr 7, lk 735–741.

Ryan, Derek 2015. Virginia Woolf and the Materiality of Theory: Sex, Animal, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Seitler, Dana 2001. Down on all fours: Atavistic perversions and the science of desire from Frank Norris to Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 73, nr 2, lk 525–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-73-3-525

Sherry, Vincent 2014. Modernism and the Reinvention of Decadence. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139941570

Smith, Victoria L. 1999. A story beside(s) itself: The language of loss in Djuna Barnes’ ­Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 114, nr 2, lk 194–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/463391

Stevenson, Guy 2020. Diluting holy writ: From the ‘Men of 1914’ to the beat generation. – ­Textual Practice, kd 34, nr 9, lk 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2020.1808300

Stewart, Kathleen 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822390404

Taylor, Julie 2012. Djuna Barnes and Affective Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748646760

Warren, Diana 2008. Djuna Barnes’ Consuming Fictions. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.

Watts, Kara; Hall, Molly Volanth; Hackett, Robin (toim) 2019. Affective Materialities: Reori­enting the Body in Modernist Literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056289.001.0001

Weir, David 2009. Decadent Culture in the United States. Albany: SUNY Press.

Keywords: translation history, translator studies, multipositionality, gender

The perspective of multipositionality as a means of taking a holistic approach to a person’s multiple lives, i.e. to their different professional fields of activity, has been used to a great effect in translation (including translator) studies. This article explores the feasibility of adapting this concept to the Estonian literary context by looking at the case of Marta Sillaots (1887–1969), known to the wider public mostly as a translator and critic. Less known is her work as a teacher, journalist, and an author of not just children’s stories, but of adult prose, too.

It was primarily the archival sources which demonstrated that Sillaots’ literary and non-literary activities at the start of her career, in the first decades of the 20th century, took several interrelated forms with transferred interests and shifting authority from one field of activity to another. An exploration of Sillaots’ multiple lives unveils a young woman’s professional literary aspirations in their complex, intertwined nature, and reveals her means of survival within the restrictions, conventions and limitations of the largely patriarchal early 20th century Estonian literary landscape.

 

Külliki Steinberg (b. 1970), MA, University of Tartu, Doctoral Student in Translation ­History and Translator Studies at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), kulliki.steinberg@ut.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 92, m 276:26. O/ü „Noor-Eesti” käsikirjad. Kirjad Marta Sillaots-Rannat’ilt. 06.09.1918–04.01.1938.

f 155, m 3:7. Marta Reichenbach’i kirjad Eduard Virgo’le. 22.05.1953–03.07.1954.

f 155, m 28:1. Eduard Virgo. „Tallinna Kaja” käsikirjad Marta Reichenbach’ilt (Marta Sillaots). 1915.

f 185, m 4:7. Karl August Hindrey. Marta Sillaots. 16.03.1936.

f 194, m 21:51. „Eesti Biograafiline Leksikon” (EBL). Marta Sillaots (Reichenbach). 11.03.1927–20.06.1928.

f 275, m 15:15. Marta Sillaots-Reichenbach’i kirjad Johannes Aavik’ule. 16.12.1912–23.10.1916.

 

Kirjandus

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Postimees 29. III (11. IV), lk 5.

Aavik, Johannes 1912. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Tallinna Teataja 11. (24.) IV, lk 2.

Aavik, Johannes 1913a. Õigekeelsuslikud arvustused. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 315–319.

Aavik, Johannes 1913b. Eesti õigekeelsuse ja keele ilu küsimus. Vastuseletuseks hra Jõge­verile. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 422–427.

Adson, Artur 2017. Siuru-raamat. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Dekker, Rudolf 2002. Jacquer Presser’s Heritage: Egodocuments in the Study of History. – Memoria y Civilización, nr 5, lk 13–37. https://doi.org/10.15581/001.5.33803

EBL 1926–1929 = Eesti biograafiline leksikon. (Akadeemilise Ajaloo-Seltsi toimetused II. Academicae Societatis Historicae scripta II. Estonia.) Peatoim A. R. Cederberg. Toim Henrik Koppel, Johan Kõpp, Andrus Saareste, Peeter Treiberg, Friedebert Tuglas, Richard Kleis. Tartu: K./Ü. Loodus.

Eisen, Matthias Johann 1914. Anderseni muinasjutud I. Eesti keelde Anna Haava. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 16–17.

Gielen, Katiliina 2012. Marta Sillaotsa eksplitsiitne ja implitsiitne tõlkepoeetika. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 104–117. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.571

Guzmán, María Constanza 2020. (re)Visiting the translator’s archive: Toward a genealogy of translation in the Americas. – Palimpsestes, nr 34, lk 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.5538

J. A. [Johannes Aavik] 1913. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Postimees 13. (26.) VI, lk 1–2.

Jürgenstein, Anton 1913. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 9, lk 345–347.

Kaal, Alma 1937. Mõnest iseloomulikust joonest Marta Sillaotsa tegevuses. (Tema 50-nda sünnipäeva puhul.) – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 227–234.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. Kõverpeeglist uute prillideni: soouurimus ja kirjandus. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–56.

Krusten, Reet 1967. Marta Sillaots kaheksakümnendal künnisel. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 295–297.

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Pilguheit ühe virga naise teele ja tööle. – O. Kruus, Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 171–183.

Kuningas, Oskar 1987. Mälestuspilte Marta Sillaotsast. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 309–312.

Kuurme, Tiiu 2011. Haridus, kasvatus ja sugupool. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 238–273.

Lange, Anne 2009. Otse predestineerit. – Tuna. Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, nr 3, lk 151–156.

Laos, Karl 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 198–201.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915a. Ei ole ja on. – Tallinna Kaja 26. IX, nr 38, lk 607–608.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915b. Lendur Tartus. – Tallinna Kaja 17. X, nr 41, lk 654–655.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915c. Kõiksugu ilma asjust, peaasjalikult Tartu asjust. – Tallinna Kaja 31. X, nr 43, lk 686–687.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915d. Austeli peal. – Tallinna Kaja 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 543.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915e. Lendur Tallinnas. – Tallinna Kaja 28. XI, nr 47, lk 752.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915f. Talve tulekul. – Tallinna Kaja 24. X, nr 42, lk 671–672.

Luiga, Juhan 1995. Noor-Suomi – Eesti. – J. Luiga, Mäss ja meelehaigus. (Eesti mõttelugu 1.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, lk 274–318.

Meylaerts, Reine 2013. The multiple lives of translators. – TTR (Traduction, terminologie, rédaction), kd 26, nr 2, lk 103–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037134ar

Mits, Krista 2012. Pilk ingliskeelse kirjanduse tõlgetele 18. sajandi lõpust 20. sajandi algus­veerandini. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 70–87. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.569

Möldre, Aile 2012. Ilukirjanduse tõlked 20. sajandi esimese poole Eesti ja Soome raamatu­toodangus (1900–1940). – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 88–103. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.570

Nora, Pierre 1996 [1984]. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Piibeleht, Tiit [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Luulelik potpourri. – Tallinna Kaja 15. VIII, nr 32, lk 506–509.

Raudsepp, Hugo 2013. Mait Metsanurk ja tema aeg. Ühe vaimsuse kroonika kaasaegse sulest. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Reichenbach, Marta 1912. L. Onerva. Murdjooned. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 36–39.

Saluäär, Anu 1987. Marta Sillaots 1887–1969. – Looming, nr 5, lk 672–681.

Saluäär, Anu 2009. Kirjutav eesti naine. – M. Sillaots, Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, lk 155–172.

Saluäär Anu 2013. Kirg ja kavalus? – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 63–65.

Schlager, Daniela 2021. Translator’s multipositionality, teloi and goals: The case of Harriet Martineau. – Literary Translator Studies. Toim Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, D. Schlager. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, lk 199–314. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.156.10sch

Sillaots, Marta 2009 [1939]. Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Sillaots, Marta 2012. Kirg ja kavalus. (Eesti mõttelugu 104.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

„Söömise-taidur” [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Söömisest. Vaatlused ja näpunäited. – Tallinna Kaja 10. X, nr 40, lk 637–639.

Sütiste, Elin 2012. Tõlkelugu ja kultuurimälu. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 152–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.574

Tammsaare, A. H. 1914. Midagi ilust ja „Anna Holmist”. – Vaba Sõna, nr 1, lk 39–42.

Teder, Eerik 1967. Marta Sillaots 80-aastane. – Looming, nr 5, lk 794–795.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti kirjandus 1921. – F. Tuglas, Kriitika IV. Tartu: Noor-Eesti Kirjastus, lk 162–223.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1986. Valik kirju. Koost August Eelmäe. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 1–2.

Wallace, Edgar 1915. Nelja kohus. – Tallinna Kaja 22. VIII, nr 33, lk 525–527; 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 538–541; 5. IX, nr 35, lk 557–559; 12. IX, nr 36, lk 566–569; 19. IX, nr 37, lk 588–591; 26. IX, nr 38, lk 602–607; 3. X, nr 39, lk 620–623; 10. X, nr 40, lk 634–636; 17. X, nr 41, lk 651–653; 24. X, nr 42, lk 669–671; 31. X, nr 43, lk 684–686; 7. XI, nr 44, lk 702–704; 14. XI, nr 45, lk 714–719; 21. XI, nr 46, lk 730–733; 28. XI, nr 47, lk 750–752; 5. XII, nr 48, lk 762–768.

Keyword: New Woman, literary decadence, melancholy, creativity, desire

This article analyzes Alma Ostra’s (1886–1960) literary debut, the novella “Aino” (1923), which carries an air of decadence combined with naturalistic elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the fin de siècle period, decadent aesthetics was a province mostly occupied by men. Several gender-sensitive cultural researchers have shown that the attitudes (such as elitism, individualism, colonialism) and imagery contained in these texts are misogynistic by nature. Building on this, feminist scholars have asked how the forms of decadent aesthetics employed by male authors of the time are reshaped in the texts by women authors, and whether and in which ways these transformations can be seen as feminist practice. Proceeding from these questions, this article explores how Ostra’s work reutilizes three interrelated tropes commonly found in decadent aesthetics: ambivalent melancholy, sexual desire, and creativity. The study reveals how the chosen affective states, characters, and ideas of decadence are employed in “Aino” to critique manifestations of patriarchy, such as double standards, rigid gender roles, and rape culture, whereas such criticism appears more laboured in texts by Ostra’s male colleagues, for example Tuglas and Aavik, with whom “Aino” engages in dialogue.

The decadent, ambivalent mode of expression is a dominant note in “Aino,” allowing, on the one hand, for the portrayal of disappointments associated with womanhood, and on the other hand, for expressions of enthusiasm, thereby representing aspects of the female experience in early 20th-century literature in a nuanced way. The central affect of melancholy depicted in the text triggers depression and creativity, disdain for love, as well as pleasurable, sexually charged scenes – elements that have largely been overlooked in other works of the period. The infusion of the naturalist trope of race – the deep psyche and affective nature of the human groups active in a particular region (nationality) – into Aino’s self-perception adds suggestiveness to the negative emotions caused by gender-based constraints. Ostra’s work portrays the double oppression experienced by Estonian female students of the time, both in rural and (academic) urban environments. The perception of women’s entrapment is balanced by descriptions of new forms of female subjectivity – such as the intensely imaginative female thinker-artist – pointing towards a more harmonious future, gender-wise, and a hopeful outlook for women. As such, “Aino” engages in a critical conversation with both the anti-feminist lines of thought that perpetuate women’s lack of creative capacity and independence, and the feminist theories of the first half of the 20th century, which emphasized women’s autonomy as well as the importance of their sexual fulfilment.

 

Merlin Kirikal (b. 1986), PhD, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Under and Tuglas Literature Centre, Senior Researcher (Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn), merlinkirikal@gmail.com

References

ARHIIVIALLIKAD

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 193, m 105:56. Eesti avalikkude tegelaste elulugude kogu. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

f 194, m 19:11. „Eesti biograafiline leksikon”. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

 

KIRJANDUS

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1923. Kirjandusest. Alma Ostra. Aino. – Postimees 21. II, lk 4.

Battersby, Christine 1989. Gender and Genius: Towards a Feminist Aesthetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350926790

Baudelaire, Charles 2010. 66 kurja lille. Koost Ain Kaalep, tlk A. Kaalep, August Sang, Märt Väljataga. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.

Belobrovtseva, Irina; Meimre, Aurika 2005. Peterburi tekst XX sajandi Eesti kirjanduses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 609–616.

Boyiopoulos, Kostas 2022. The decadent short story: Forms of the morbid. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.17

Bühler-Dietrich, Annette 2011. Contestations of normativity: Rereading nineteenth-century authors with current moral philosophy. – German Women’s Writing of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Future Directions in Feminist Criticism. Toim Helen Fronius, Anna Richards. New York: Legend, lk 140–154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093611-11

Cole, Richard 2015. Fear and precarious life after political representation in Baudelaire. – Modernism and Affect. Toim Julie Taylor. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, lk 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748693269-012

Condé, Alice 2022. Contemporary contexts: Decadence today and tomorrow.  – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.6

Constable, Liz; Potolsky, Matthew; Denisoff, Dennis 1999. Introduction. – Perennial Decay: On the Aesthetics and Politics of Decadence. Toim L. Constable, M. Potolsky, D. Denisoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, lk 1–34. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292480-001

Craske, Helen 2018. Desire and the demi-vierge: The impenetrable ideal in decadent fiction. – Dix-Neuf, kd 22, nr 1–2, lk 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2018.1476438

Desmarais, Jane; Condé, Alice 2017. Introduction. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim J. Desmarais, A. Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.6

Desmarais, Jane; Weir, David (toim) 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.001.0001

Dierkes-Thrun, Petra 2017. Decadent sensuality in Rachilde and Wilde. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim Jane Desmarais, Alice Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 51–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.9

Elo ja Friedebert Tuglas. Kirjad teineteisele 1917–1947. Koost August Eelmäe. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, 2001.

Felski, Rita 1995. The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036796

Flatley, Jonathan 2008. Affective Mappings: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Cambridge–London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036963

Friedman, Dustin 2021. “The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aesthet­icism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses. – Feminist Modernist Studies, kd 4, nr 2, lk 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950475

H. P. 1923. Kirjandus. Aino. Romaan. Alma Ostra. – Agu, nr 9, lk 286–288.

H. R. [Hugo Raudsepp] 1923. Aino. Alma Ostra romaani ilmumise puhul. – Vaba Maa 17. IV, lk 5–6.

Haug, Toomas 1987. Salakorterist linnavalitsusse. – Vikerkaar, nr 11, lk 66–69.

Hawthorne, Melanie 2022. The interwar period: Legacies of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.5

Higonnet, Margaret 1986. Speaking silences: Women’s suicide. – The Female Body in Western Culture. Contemporary Perspectives. Toim Susan Rubin Suleiman. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London, England: Harvard University Press, lk 68–83.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006a. J. Randvere „Ruth” ja Otto Weiningeri „Geschlecht und Charakter”. – J. Randvere „Ruth” 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse kultuuris. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 1.) Toim M. Hinrikus. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 145–169.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006b. Spleen the Estonian way: Estonian literary decadence in J. Randvere’s „Ruth” (1909), Friedebert Tuglas’ „Felix Ormusson” (1915), and A. H. Tammsaare’s novellas „Noored hinged” (1909) and „Kärbes” (1917). – Interlitteraria, nr 11, lk 305−321.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Decadent modernism and the imprint of Taine in Aino Kallas’ Young Estonia: Portraits and trajectories. – Aino Kallas, Negotiations with Modernity. Toim Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, lk 66–90.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2014. Ambivalentsest dekadentsist ja selle sümptomitest Paul Bourget’ ja Friedrich Nietzsche tekstides ning Friedebert Tuglase romaanis „Felix Ormusson”. –Autogenees ja ülekanne. Moodsa kultuuri kujunemine Eestis. (Collegium litterarum 25.) Koost Rein Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 199–236.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2015. Tammsaare’s constructions of femininity in light of Weininger’s concept of sex difference. – Journal of Baltic Studies, kd 46, nr 2, lk 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.981672

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2017. Kurja lillede lapsed. Sissejuhatus eesti dekadentlikku kunsti. – Kurja lillede lapsed. Eesti dekadentlik kunst. Toim M. Hinrikus, Lola Annabel Kass, Liis Pählapuu. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstimuuseum, lk 17–55.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2022. Autentsuse probleemid: tõu(sik)rahvuslus, sünteesid ja „Felix Ormusson”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Koost M. Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 267–332.

Hinrikus, Mirjam; Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Decadence as dynamism and mutability: The ­Nietzschean-Bergsonian imprint in the rarly works of A. H. Tammsaare and J. Semper. – Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, nr 100, lk 717−740.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hinrikus, Rutt 2011. Eesti naine, haridus ja „naisterahva küsimus” 20. sajandi alguses. – ENÜS 100. Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts. Vaated ajalukku. Tartu: ENÜS, lk 33–41.

Huddleston, Andrew 2022. Philosophy: Post-Kantian narratives of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.36

Huysmans, Joris-Karl 2013. Äraspidi. (Ajavaim.) Tlk Leena Tomasberg. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Jürgenstein, M. 1923. „Aino”. Alma Ostra. – Üliõpilasleht, nr 4, lk 58–59.

Kallas, Aino 1929. Ants Raudjalg. – A. Kallas, Kogutud teosed I. Mere tagant. Ants Raudjalg. Tlk Friedebert Tuglas. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kirjastus, lk 147–278.

Karjahärm, Toomas; Sirk, Väino 1997. Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Kirikal, Merlin 2021. Viriloid women and bodiless men: On modern sexualities in the oeuvre of Johannes Semper. – Interlitteraria, nr 2, lk 448–463. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2021.26.2.9

Kirss, Tiina 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid naisajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. „Uus naine” ja Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Seltsi algaastad. – Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts 100. Vaateid ajaloost. Toim T. Kirss, Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–44.

Kirss, Tiina 2015. Kui naised Bebelit lugesid. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 80–104.

Kivimäe, Sirje; Tamul, Sirje 1999. Naisüliõpilased Tartu Ülikoolis 1905–1918. – Vita academica, vita feminea. Koost S. Tamul. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 93–126.

Kollontai 1919 = Александра Коллонтaй, Новая женщина. – A. Коллонтай, Новая мораль и рабочий класс. Москва: Издательство ВЦИК, c. 3–35.

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. Doctoral Thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.

Lappalainen, Päivi 2007. The politics of naturalism: Women and fiction in the 1880s. – Women’s Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Toim P. Lappalainen, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 35–52.

Ledger, Sally 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press.

Lepp, Marta 2010 [1923]. 1905. aasta romantika, järellained, lõppvaatus. (Eesti mälu 18.) ­Tallinn: Eesti Päeva­leht.

Leppänen, Katarina 2008. Elin Wägner’s Alarm Clock: Ecofeminist Theory in the Interwar Era. Plymouth: Lexington Books.

Lind, Marianne 2018. Dekadentlik esteetika Jaan Oksa proosaloomingus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool.

Linde, Bernhard 1923. Toimetusele saadetud kiri. – Postimees 4. III, lk 5.

Lindsalu, Elo 2008. Naisekuju modelleerimine XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjanduses. Analüütiline ülevaade. (Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid.) ­Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Lukas, Liina 2004. New women baltisaksa kirjanduses. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 150–171.

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2003. The allure of decadence: French reflections in a Finnish looking glass. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siècle. (Studia Fennica Litteraria 1.) Toim P. Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, ­­lk 12–30. https://doi.org/10.21435/sflit.1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2020. Passions against the grain: Decadent emotions in Finnish wilderness. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 87–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-7

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2022. Nordic cultures: From wilderness to metropolitan decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.12

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020a. Decadence in Nordic literature: An overview. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 3–37. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020b. Preface. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk xvii–xviii. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Mahoney, Kristin 2019. Dainty malice: Ada Leverson and post-Victorian decadent feminism. – Decadence in the Age of Modernism. Toim Kate Hext, Alex Murray. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, lk 27–46.

Mahoney, Kristin 2022. The decadent novel: Generic inversions. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.16

Manne, Kate 2018. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. London: Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Mesch, Rachel 2006. The Hysteric’s Revenge: French Women Writers at the Fin de Siècle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Molarius, Päivi 2003. “Will the Human Race Degenerate?” The Individual, the Family and the Fearsome Spectre of Degeneracy in Finnish Literature of the late 19th and Early 20th Century. – Changing Scenes: Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 121–142.

Nietzsche, Friedrich 1996. Ecce homo. Kuidas saadakse selleks, mis ollakse. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Vagabund.

Offen, Karen M. 2000. European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162

Ostra, Alma 1923. Aino. Tallinn: Varrak.

Ostra, Alma 2016. Mälestised 1905. a. revolutsioonist. – 1905. aasta Eestis. Mälestused. Toim Toomas Karjahärm. Tallinn: Argo, lk 35–44.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2003. Free Love, Mystical Union or Prostitution? The Dissonant Love Stories of L. Onerva. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 54–84.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2014. Decadent New Woman (Un)Bound: Mimetic Strategies in L. Onerva’s Mirdja. [Doktoritöö.] University of Turku.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2019. Decadent New Woman’s ironic subversions: L. Onerva’s multi-layered irony. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 82−99.

Potolsky, Matthew 2021. Decadence and realism. – Victorian Literature and Culture, kd 49, nr 4, lk 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150320000248

Puik, Katrin 2022. Irooniast Friedebert Tuglase „Felix Ormussonis”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 60–79.

Pynsent, Robert B. 1989. Conclusory essay: Decadence, decay and innovation. – Decadence and Innovation. Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century. Toim R. Pynsent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, lk 111–248.

Randvere, J. 1980. Ruth. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 34–35. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Richardson, Angelique 2003. The life sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution”. – A Concise Companion to Modernism. Toim David Bradshaw. Malden–Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, lk 1–33.

Roelofs, Joan 2018. Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist feminism in theory and practice. – International Critical Thought, kd 8, nr 1, lk 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436

Roose, Arthur 1924. Eesti luule- ja proosatoodang 1923. – Päevalehe lisa 31. III, lk 102–104.

Rossi, Riikka 2019. Primitive passions and nostalgia for nature: Decadence and primitivism in Maria Jotuni’s Work. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 100–119.

Rønning, Anne Birgitte 2020. Decadence and female subjectivity in Dagny Juel’s prose poems. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 155–172.

Sakova, Aija 2005/2006. Eesti naise ühiskondlik-poliitiline ja perekondlik roll 1920ndate aastate alguses Emma Asson-Petersoni näitel. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 121–129.

Semper, Johannes 1914. Entusiasmi kultur (E. Verhaereni Venemaal viibimise puhuks). – Vaba Sõna, nr 2, lk 74–77.

Semper, Johannes 1926. Meie kirjanduse teed. – Looming, nr 7, lk 764–774.

Semper, Johannes 2013. Päevaraamatud. Toim Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Sengoopta, Chandak 2000. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press.

Showalter, Elaine 1993. Introduction. – Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin de Siècle. Toim E. Showalter. United Kingdom: Rutgers University Press, Virago Press, lk vii–xx.

Sillaots, Marta 1927. Neli „inimest ilma eluloota”. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 606–612.

Silverman, Debora L. 2018. Boundaries: Bourgeois Belgium and “tentacular” modern­ism. – Modern Intellectual History, kd 15, nr 1, lk 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244317000245

Snyder, Jane McIntosh 1998. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1978. Pikad sammud. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 2. kd. Jutustused (1907–1910). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 85–164.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1979. Kärbes. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 3. kd. Miniatuurid, jutustused, novellid (1909–1921). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 123–253.

Vakker, Triin 2012. Rahvusliku religiooni konstrueerimise katsed 1920.–1930. aastate Eestis – taara usk. – Mäetagused, nr 50, lk 175–198. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2012.50.vakker

Vardi, Sophia 1914. Esimesed tuuled. Tartu: Noor-Eesti.

Viljamaa, Piret; Hillermaa, Rita 2010. Naised Eesti parlamendis 1917–1940, 1992–2019. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.

Vuorikuru, Silja 2018. Maailma südames. Tlk Sirje Olesk. Tallinn: Varrak.

Weir, David 1995. Decadence and the Making of Modernism. Amherst: University of ­Massachusetts Press.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004a. Preface. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic Opening: Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk vii–xiv.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004b. Introduction. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic ­Opening. Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk 1–14.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004c. Towards a feminist genealogy of modernism: The narcissistic turn in Lou Andreas-Salomé and Edith Södergran. – Gender – Power – Text: Nordic Culture in the Twentieth Century. Toim Helena Forsås-Scott. Norwich: Norvik Press, lk 61–76.

PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.

Timonen, Senni (toim) 1980. Näin lauloi Larin Paraske. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Tvauri, Andres 2001. Muinas-Tartu. Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusloost. (Muinasaja teadus 10.) Tallinn–Tartu: Ajaloo Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli arheoloogia õppetool.

Valk, Ülo 1993. Kust tuli Ilmalind? Läänemeresoome loomisloo päritolust I–II. – Vikerkaar, nr 2, lk 21–29; nr 3, lk 61–66.

Van De Bogart, Willard G. 2014. The Giant Swing (Lo Ching Cha): Brahmanical origins and its significance to the religious culture of Thailand. – Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. Toim Pranee Liamputtong. Dordrecht: Springer, lk 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7244-1_2

Viidalepp, Richard 1936. Eesti muistsest kiigekultuurist. – Nädal Pildis, nr 10, lk 220–222.

Vissel, Anu 2002. Eestlaste kiigekultuur enne ja nüüd. – Mäetagused, nr 21, lk 7–84. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2002.21.kiik

Keywords: literature didactics, teaching poetry, basic psychological needs

In recent years, discussions about the modernization of literature education have gained prominence. However, there persists a lack of insight into the actual practices occurring in schools. From the perspective of poetry education, it is crucial to delve into the reality of how poetry is taught in Estonian schools. There is a dearth of information on which authors are being taught, how poetry is approached, and how students are supported in their reading. This article is the first to address these questions. It offers a comprehensive analysis that maps the position of poetry within Estonian schools and thus points to potential future scenarios concerning the societal role of poetry. It is worth noting that our research is not meant to examine the entirety of poetry education but specifically focuses on the treatment of poetry collections.

The study is based on a semi-structured survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, involving 84 literature teachers from across Estonia. The questions addressed the poetry works covered, preferred authors, approaches to poetry collections, and the challenges encountered in poetry education. These aspects were examined within the context of decades of research in poetry didactics.

Teachers report students’ limited appreciation for literature, infrequent reading habits, difficulties in grasping figurative language, and a restricted vocabulary. Furthermore, they highlight a lack of suitable teaching materials for poetry. Teachers acknowledge their own limited knowledge of poetry and poetry collections. This creates a cycle where teachers’ prior experiences with poetry collections hamper their enthusiasm for teaching, thus perpetuating the absence of a tradition. Contemporary and foreign poetry is frequently avoided. One-third of teachers fail to provide adequate support during independent reading. A significant portion of teachers concludes poetry collection instruction with creative projects.

This study reveals that poetry, particularly in the form of poetry collections, occupies a marginalized space in literature classrooms. Around a quarter of students complete their basic education without ever having read any poetry collections. Teachers grapple with a shortage of suitable teaching materials and require substantial support. Given these challenges, fostering an enhanced poetry education hinges on collaboration between literary studies and didactics to unlock the pedagogical-poetic potential of poetry and make it more visible. In summary, both teachers and poetry are in need of assistance, and this study underscores the challenges that underlie poetry instruction.

Marie Udam (b. 1991), MA, Narva Estonian School, literature and Estonian language teacher (Hariduse 3, 20307 Narva), marie.udam@nerg.ee

Joosep Susi (b. 1989), MA, Tallinn University, junior lecturer of Literature Didactics and Estonian Literature (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), jsusi@tlu.ee

Merilyn Meristo (b. 1975), PhD, Tallinn University, associate professor (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), merilyn.meristo@tlu.ee

References

Adamson, Ele 2015. Luule õpetamine gümnaasiumis: kirjandusõpetajate pedagoogilised arusaamad ja metoodilised lähenemised. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeele­teaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/47092?show=full

Belle, Crystal 2016. Don’t believe the hype: Hip-hop literacies and English education. – Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, kd 60, nr 3, lk 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.574

Benton, Michael 1978. Poetry for children: a neglected art. – Children’s Literature in Education, kd 9, nr 3, lk 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01142921

Benton, Peter 1986. Pupil, Teacher, Poem. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Benton, Peter 2000. The conveyor belt curriculum? Poetry teaching in the secondary school II. – Oxford Review of Education, kd 26, nr 1, lk 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/030549800103872

Bryer, Theo; Lindsay, Morlette; Wilson, Rebecca 2014. A take on a Gothic poem: Tablet film-making and literary texts. – Changing English, kd 21, nr 3, lk 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2014.929284

Coles, Jane; Bryer, Theo 2018. Reading as enactment: transforming Beowulf through drama, film and computer game. – English in Education, kd 52, nr 1, lk 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2018.1414419

Creely, Edwin 2019. “Poetry is dying”: creating a (re)new(ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. – Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, kd 42, nr 2, lk 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03652031

Culler, Jonathan 2017. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press.

Dahlbäck, Katharina; Lyngfelt, Anna; Bengtsdotter Katz, Viktoria 2018. Views of poetry as a competence expressed by students in teacher education. – Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, kd 15, lk 101–119. https://doi.org/10.12775/ths.2018.007

Deci, Richard M; Ryan, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. – American Psychologist, kd 55, nr 1, lk 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Delchamps, Vivian 2018. Teaching poetry through dance. – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim Sandra Lee Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_3

Dressman, Mark 2015. The paradox of poetry education. – The Routledge International Hand­book of the Arts and Education. Abingdon–New York: Routledge, lk 203–211.

Farber, Jerry 2015. On not betraying poetry. – Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, kd 15, nr 2, lk 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1215/15314200-2844985

GRÕK 2023 = Gümnaasiumi riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 6. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_gym_lisa1.pdf#

Haramija, Dragica; Batič, Janja 2018. The role of illustration in interpreting a multi­modal literary text. – The New Educational Review, kd 52, nr 2, lk 195–205. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2018.52.2.15

Hennoste, Tiit 1997. Kaanon. Kaanan. – Vikerkaar, nr 12, lk 59–70.

Höglund, Heidi 2017. Video Poetry: Negotiating Literary Interpretations. Students Multi­modal Designing in Response to Literature. [Doktoritöö.] Åbo Akademi University.

Jusslin, Sofia; Höglund, Heidi 2021. Entanglements of dance/poetry: Creative dance in students’ poetry reading and writing. – Research in Dance Education, kd 22, nr 3, lk 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2020.1789088

Kalamees-Ruubel, Katrin 2014. Eesti keele ja kirjandusõpetuse roll eesti õppekeelega üld­hariduskooli õppekavas 1917–2014. Ajaloolis-analüütiline käsitlus. (Tallinna Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste dissertatsioonid 80.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, kasvatusteaduste instituut. https://www.etera.ee/zoom/1943/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info

Kivi, Kersti 2017. Luule käsitlemise võimalusi põhikooli II astmes. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kleppe, Sandra Lee 2018. Teaching poetry with painting: “Why do yo thus devise evil against her?” – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim S. L. Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_5

Kovalik, Kate; Curwood, Jen Scott 2019. #poetryisnotdead: understanding Instagram poetry within a transliteracies framework. – Literacy, kd 53, nr 4, lk 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12186

Kullo, Katrin 2021. Kooliraamatukogude varustatuse mõju ilukirjandusteoste valikule ja käsitlus­viisidele kirjandusõpetuses. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kumar, Tracey 2018. The battle for rap: Problems and possibilities in teacher education. – Teaching Education, kd 29, nr 2, lk 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1377695

Lantolf, James P.; Poehner, Matthew E. 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813850

Lotman, Juri 2006. Kunstilise teksti struktuur. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Pärt Lias. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Merilai, Arne 2004. Kooli kirjandusõpetusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 610–615.

Meyer, Oliver; Coyle, Do 2017. Pluriliteracies teaching for learning: conceptualizing progression for deeper learning in literacies development. – European Journal of Applied Linguistics, kd 5, nr 2, lk 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0006

Nool, Kerli 2021. Luulekogu käsitlemine 6. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Org, Andrus 2000. Luule õpetamise metoodika gümnaasiumis. Õpetajakoolituse lõputöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti kirjanduse ja teatriteaduse õppetool.

Paasik, Merli 2013. Luulekogu õpetamise võimalusi põhikooli kirjandustunnis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/31440

Palk, Eliise 2020. Algajate eesti keele ja kirjanduse õpetajate töökoormus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Palmiste, Tiia 2021. Hiiumaaga seotud luuletajate ja nende luulekogude käsitlus põhikoolis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeeleteatuse instituut.

Pieper, Irene 2020. L1 Education and the place of literature. – Rethinking L1 Education on a Global Era: Understanding the (Post-) National L1 Subjects in New and Difficult Times. Toim Bill Green, Per-Olof Erixon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, lk 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55997-7_6

Poetry in Schools: A Survey of Practice 2006/2007. London: Ofsted.

PRÕK 2023 = Põhikooli riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 1. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_pohi_lisa1.pdf#

Päll, Kristiane 2023. Räpptekstide käsitlemine 8. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Řeřichová, Vlasta; Vala, Jaroslav; Sladová, Jana 2014. Poetry in school – the old issues and new challenges. – e-Pedagogium, kd 14, nr 4, lk 127–139. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2014.048

Rosenblatt, Louise M. 1978. The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of Literary Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Salm, Kaisa 2012. Kujundlikkuse käsitlemine eesti keele ja kirjanduse õppematerjalides põhikooli III astmes. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/35309

Sigvardsson, Anna 2017. Teaching poetry reading in secondary education: Findings from a systematic literature review. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 61, nr 5, lk 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1172503

Sigvardsson, Anna 2020. Don’t fear poetry! Secondary teachers’ key strategies for engaging pupils with poetic texts. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 64, nr 6, lk 953–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1650823

Simecek, Karen; Rumbold, Kate 2016. The uses of poetry. – Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, kd 23, nr 4, lk 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2016.1230300

Sulkunen, Sari; Arffman, Inga 2010. Key element No 4: Choosing engaging reading materials. – ADORE – Teaching Struggling Adolescent Readers in European Countries. Toim Christine Garbe, Karl Holle, Svantje Weinhold. Frankfurt am Main–Berlin–Bern–Bruxelles–New York–Oxford–Wien: Peter Lang, lk 102–113.

Susi, Joosep; Org, Andrus 2023. Praegused noored õpivad tiu-tiu! teisiti. – Sirp 6. I, lk 29–31.

Säre, Egle 2021. Arutelu kui õppemeetod vajab taasavastamist. – Õpetajate Leht 19. III, lk 7.

Talviste, Katre 2019. Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos. – Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis, nr 4, lk 32−55. https://doi.org/10.22601/PET.2019.04.02

Vaino, Maarja 2023. Kirjandusõpe nõukogude koolis. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1–2, lk 240–254. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk782a13

Vapper, Mari 2018. Õpilaste valitud kirjandusteoste osakaal ja tähendus põhikooli II–III astme kirjandustundides. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Wandera, David B. 2016. Teaching poetry through collaborative art: an analysis of multi­modal ensembles for transformative learning. – Journal of Transformative Education, kd 14, nr 4, lk 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344616650749

Weaven, Mary; Clark, Tom 2013. “I guess it scares us” – Teachers discuss the teaching of poetry in senior secondary English. – English in Education, kd 47, nr 3, lk 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eie.12016

Xerri, Daniel 2012. Poetry teaching and multimodality: theory into practice. – Creative Education, kd 3, nr 4, lk 507–512. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34077

Young, Alice Mary 2016. High school English teachers’ experiences with poetry pedagogy. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.

Keywords: Verb Second (V2), language contact, language history, Germanic ­languages, prosody, corpus study

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies – a synchronic and a diachronic one – that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives.

The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses.

The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order.

 

Heete Sahkai (b. 1972), PhD, Institute of the Estonian Language, Senior Researcher (Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn), heete.sahkai@eki.ee

Anne Tamm (b. 1968), PhD habil., Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Associate Professor (Reviczky u. 4, 1088 Budapest), tamm.anne@kre.hu

Anders Holmberg (b. 1951), PhD, Newcastle University, School of English Literature, Language, and Linguistics, Emeritus Professor (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU), anders.holmberg@newcastle.ac.uk

Keywords: Estonian poetry, Artur Alliksaar, rhyme, alliteration, sound and meaning

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art – the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923–1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabic-accentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works.

The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar’s poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes.

The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference.

 

Rebekka Lotman (b. 1978), PhD, University of Tartu, Institute of Cultural Research, Associate Professor of World Literature (Ülikooli 16, 51003 Tartu), rebekka.lotman@ut.ee

Maria-Kristiina Lotman (b. 1974), PhD, University of Tartu, Associate Professor of Classical Philology (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), maria.lotman@ut.ee

Mihhail Lotman (b. 1952), PhD, University of Tartu, Visiting Professor of Semiotics (Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu), mihhail.lotman@ut.ee

Keywords: Yelena Skulskaya, Andrei Ivanov, identity

Contemporary methodologies increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity. In the social sciences, mass culture and literature are gaining attention as new sources of knowledge. Looking at literature through the lens of the new methodological frameworks allows for a more comprehensive study of identities and their evolution. This article applies a new methodology of studying the national identity, developed by Ted Hopf and Bentley Allan in the framework of the project Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database, which makes it possible to examine the emergence and persistence of the concept of “a Russian from Russia” as “the Other” in the identity discourse of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia after the restoration of Estonian independence. The first part of this article focuses on identifying the initial stages of the formation of this idea in Estonian Russian-language magazines that covered literature and social issues – Tallinn and Raduga. The second part analyzes the works of the two most popular and well-known Russian-speaking authors – Yelena Skulskaya and Andrei Ivanov. The analysis in complemented by interviews with the writers and references to the works of other Russian-speaking authors.

 

Elena Pavlova (b. 1975), PhD, University of Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, Research Fellow (Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu), ­elena.pavlova@ut.ee

Keywords: nationalism, transnational feminist modernism, Estonian literature, women’s writing, comparative literature

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

 

Eret Talviste (b. 1991), PhD, University of Tartu, College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Researcher of Contemporary English ­Literature (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), eret.talviste@ut.ee

 

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 245 – Friedebert Tuglas

 

Kirjandus

A. K. 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Naise teoseist kaovad poos, šest ja sädistamine alles pärast viiekümnendat eluaastat. – Vaba Maa 16. V, lk 8.

Aele, A. 1934. Noore naiskirjaniku naiselik romaan. – Sakala Pühapäev 22. XII, lk 3.

Annuk, Eve 2021. Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses „Liina” (1877). – Mäetagused, nr 81, lk 45−64. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.81.annuk

Annuk, Eve 2023. Naisproosakirjanikud kultuuriloos ja tänapäeva eesti kultuuriteadvuses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 755–774.

Annus, Epp 2017. Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226583

Berman, Jessica 2012. Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics, and Transnational Modern­ism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Berman, Jessica 2018. Practicing transnational feminist recovery today. – Feminist Modern­ist Studies, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2017.1382968

Doyle, Laura 2009. Toward a philosophy of transnationalism. – Journal of Transnational American Studies, kd 1, nr 1, lk 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5070/T811006941

Fernald, Anne E. 2013. Women’s fiction, new modernist studies, and feminism. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 59, nr 2, lk 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0024

Friedman, Susan Stanford 2001. Feminism, state fictions and violence: gender, geo­politics and transnationalism. – Communal/Plural, kd 9, nr 1, lk 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13207870124583

Hartman, Saidiya 2008. Venus in two acts. – Small Axe, kd 12, nr 26, lk 1–14.

Hennoste, Tiit 2016. Eesti kirjanduslik avangard 20. sajandi algul. Hüpped modernismi poole I. (Heuremata.) Tartu–Tallinn: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heywood, Andrew 2017. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

Hiiemäe, Sirly 2006. Naiskarakterid Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Soomustüdruk”. Bakalau­reusetöö. Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Dekadentlik modernsuskogemus A. H. Tammsaare ja nooreestlaste loomingus. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis ­Tartuensis 10.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hirsch, Marianne 2018. Feminist Archives of Possibility. – Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, kd 29, nr 1, lk 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-6681696

James, David; Seshagiri, Urmila 2014. Metamodernism: Narratives of Continuity and ­Revolution. – PMLA, kd 129, nr 1, lk 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.87

Kaljundi, Linda 2022. Decolonise that – Estonian identity as indigenous and/or white. – A Shade Colder, nr 1, https://www.ashadecolder.com/decolonise-that-estonian-identity-as-indigenous-and-or-white

Karro, Piret 2022. 150 aastat Eesti feminismi. – Vikerkaar, nr 4, lk 57–112.

Kenk, Kaire 2015. Unustusse vajunud. – Elu Lood. Eesti Naise kvartalilisa, nr 13, lk 20–27.

Kibuvits, Leida 1941. Vanad kirsipuud. – L. Kibuvits, Sipelgaõli. Tartu: RK Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, lk 79–105.

Kibuvits, Leida 1962. Orfeus II. – L. Kibuvits, Elagu inimene! Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 86–107.

Kibuvits, Leida 2003. Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Kibuvits, Leida 2022. Ladybirdred. Tlk Eret Talviste. – The Fortnightly Review, nr 2, https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2023/02/kibuvits-ladybirdred/

Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Pygmalioni ja Narkissose moodsad ümberkirjutused. Tuglase „Felix Ormusson” ja Semperi „Hiina kett”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 80–112.

Kirss, Tiina Ann 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid nais­ajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kivimaa, Katrin 2003. Nationalism, Gender and Cultural Identities: The Case of Estonian Art from the Impact of Modernity to the Post-Soviet Era 1850–2000. Leeds: University of Leeds.

Koobak, Redi; Marling, Raili 2014. The decolonial challenge: framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies. – European Journal of Women’s Studies, kd 21, nr 4, lk 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814542882

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis Tartuensis 6.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Kuznetski, Julia; Tüür, Kadri 2022. Estonian literature and ecofeminism. – The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Toim Douglas A. Vakoch. London: Routledge, lk 233–243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195610

Liivamets, Maire 2003. Mõned mõtted raamatu mõistmiseks. – Leida Kibuvits, Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 301–304.

Lindsalu, Elo 2009. Kes oli paradiisi perenaine? Naiskunstniku problemaatikast Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Paradiisi pärisperenaine”. – Looming, nr 7, lk 973–982.

Lykke, Nina 2010. Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge.

Mao, Douglas; Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2008. The new modernist studies. – PMLA, kd 123, nr 3, lk 737–748.

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Marling, Raili; Koobak, Redi 2017. Intersections of feminisms and neoliberalism: post-state-socialist Estonia in a transnational feminist framework. – Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, kd 38, nr 3, lk 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0001

McGiff, Shilo Rae 2018. „Out of the Heart of Spring”: Virginia Woolf and the Changing Shapes of Pastoral 1928-1938. Ithaca: Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.7298/waxh-c171

Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen J. (toim) 2020. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242356

Ojam, Indrek 2018. Modernismi muutuv tähendus eesti kirjanduskultuuris. Rekonstrueerimiskatse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 541–559. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk728a2

Pachmanová, Martina 2010. In? Out? In between? Some notes on the invisibility of a nascent Eastern European feminist and gender discourse in contemporary art theory. – Gender Check: A Reader. Art and Theory in Eastern Europe since the 1960s. Toim Bojana Pejic. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, lk 37–49.

Põldsaar, Raili 2008. The Baltic States. – Bonnie G. Smith (toim), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-80

Rojola, Lea 2009. „Ja ta tundis himu rääkida.” Aino Kallas, Maie Merits ja naiste hääl. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 746–757.

Saint-Amour, Paul K. 2018. Weak theory, weak modernism. – Modernism/Modernity, kd 25, nr 3, lk 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0035

Seaber, Luke; Shallcross, Michael 2019. The trouble with modernism: a dialogue. – The Modernist Review, nr 10. https://modernistreviewcouk.wordpress.com/2019/06/28/the-trouble-with-modernism/

Scott, Bonnie Kime 1990. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Soovik, Ene-Reet 2022. Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 29, lk 92–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v23i29.19033

Suchland, Jennifer 2011. Is postsocialism transnational? – Signs: Journal of Women in ­Culture and Society, kd 36, nr 4, lk 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/658899

Suburg, Lilli 1877. Liina. Ühe Eesti tütarlapse elulugu, temast enesest jutustatud. Tartu: ­Schnakenburg.

Talivee, Elle-Mari 2023. Looduskultuuri mur(d)epunkte. Meie antropotseen. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 267–285. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk783a1

Talviste, Eret 2021. Eestlus, naiste roll ja elu kui selline. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanist „Rahusõit”. – Looming, nr 6, lk 804−814.

Talviste, Eret 2022. Thoughts on peace during a train ride: Rethinking patriotism with ­Virginia Woolf and Leida Kibuvits. – Virginia Woolf Miscellany, nr 99, lk 18–20. https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2022/12/vwm99spring-fall2022-final-version.pdf

Tammsaare, A. H. 1981. Tõde ja õigus I. Kogutud teosed, 6. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Tlostanova, Madina 2012. Postsocialist ≠ postcolonial? On post-Soviet imaginary and global coloniality. – Journal of Postcolonial Writing, kd 48, nr 2, lk 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.658244

Tuglas, Friedebert 1933. Eesti romaan 1932. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 49–61.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti romaan 1934. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 109–126.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Manglus Sepapoeg. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 476–479.

Tüür, Kadri 2023. Naine kirjutab lindudest. Ökofeministlik ekskurss eesti looduskirjandusse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 847–872.

Uustalu, Linda 1985. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanimaailm. – Looming, nr 10, lk 1419–1423.

Vaino, Maarja 2012. Rist ja rõõm. Lisandusi Leida Kibuvitsa eluloole. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 755–767. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk659a3

Varrak, Toomas 2000. Estonia: crisis and ’pre-emptive’ authoritarianism. – Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Jeremy Mitchell (toim), Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–39: Systematic Case Studies. London–New York: Springer, lk 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774_5

Veski, Liisi 2023. Towards stronger national unity: statist ideas in Estonian nationalism during the “Era of Silence” (1934–1940). – Journal of Baltic Studies, lk 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2190991

Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2016. Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time. – Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, kd 18, nr 5, lk 748–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1173961

Woolf, Virginia 1992. A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. Toimetanud ja eessõna kirjutanud Morag Shiach. (Oxford World’s Classics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, Virginia 2011. Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid. – V. Woolf, The Essays of Virginia Woolf. Vol. 6: 1933–1941. Toim Stuart N. Clarke. London: Hogarth Press, lk 242–248.

Keywords: affect, modernist literature, gender, sexuality, Djuna Barnes, Reed Morn

This article focuses on American writer Djuna Barnes’s novel “Nightwood” (1936) and Estonian writer Reed Morn’s novel “The Talented Parasite” (Andekas parasiit, 1927). Specifically, the article analyses how the two novels represent bodies, affects and materiality, relying on the notion of affective modernism (Taylor 2012). English-language modernist texts have been frequently portrayed as aiming for impersonality and the rejection of emotions and sentiment. Authors like Julie Taylor have challenged this assumption, demonstrating the presence of emotions, drives and sensations in modernist texts. New research on modernism has shown modernist texts both portraying and theorizing bodies (Watts et al. 2019), discussing the relationship between the human and the non-human (Ryan 2015) as well as the Anthropocene (Adkins 2022). This article focuses on affects and senses, in particular the way affects move between bodies, being simultaneously creative and disruptive (Taylor 2012: 1). Both authors analyzed here employ affective ambivalence (Taylor 2012: 2). The article uses Tim Clarke’s (2021) concept of morbid vitalism to analyse how the two novels engage with a central problem of modernity: how to live in the context of despair. This question is viewed from a gendered perspective. The article builds on Taylor’s and Clarke’s analysis of Barnes, enriching their interpretations with insights from other scholars to bring the notion of affective modernism into the study of Estonian literature.

The analysis shows that Barnes’s novel provides an excellent example of morbid vitalism, showing recognizable affective tensions between life and death, felt especially keenly in the social margins where gender trouble does not permit characters to identify with normative social fantasies. Marginality becomes a privilege that permits the characters to see the contradictions in ideologies promising coherent subjecthood and to create modes of being that are oriented towards death while remaining open to the presence of others. The morbidity of Morn’s novel does not come to a similar understanding of affects and embodiment or embrace the vital potential of morbidity. “Nightwood” challenges the binary gender system, while “The Talented Parasite” fails to break out of the culturally prescribed internalized misogyny.

However, both novels test the boundaries of affective modernism. Women writers faced the especially difficult task of finding ways of writing about bodies and emotions without being criticized for dated sentimentality. Both texts provide new modes of affective writing, in which the body is present in the text, but not subjected to stereotypical emotional regimes. Barnes is bolder in her project. Morn, despite the pessimism of her final conclusion, addresses the same range of questions about representing the affects created by living outside of social expectation. Barnes does not grant a happy ending to her freak dandies, but affords them considerable vitality. Morn’s conclusion is pessimistic: the marginal can escape only into death. Both novels pose the question of how to live with despair and both conclude that the only answer can be found in affective ambivalence.

 

Raili Marling (b. 1973), PhD, University of Tartu, Professor of English Studies (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), raili.marling@ut.ee

References

Adkins, Peter 2022. The Modernist Anthropocene: Nonhuman Life and Planetary Change in James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes. (Edinburgh Critical Studies in Modernist Culture.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474481984

Ahmed, Sara 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bair, Deidre 1995. Anaïs Nin: A Biograhy. New York: Putnam.

Barnes, Djuna 1985. Interviews. Toim Alyce Barry, Douglas Messerli. Los Angeles: Sun and Moon Press.

Barnes, Djuna 2016. Öömets. Tlk Krista Mits. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 11–13.

Blyn, Robin 2008. Nightwood’s freak dandies: Decadence in the 1930s. – Modernism/­modernity, kd 15, nr 3, lk 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.0.0004

Brennan, Teresa 2004. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Caselli, Daniela 2009. Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’s Bewildering Corpus. New York: Routledge.

Chisholm, Dianne 1997. Obscene modernism: Eros Noir and the profane illumination of Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 69, nr 1, lk 167–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928172

Cixous, Hélène 1972. The Exile of James Joyce. Tlk Sally A. J. Purcell. New York: David Lewis.

Clarke, Tim 2021. Morbid vitalism: Death, decadence, and spinozism in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth-Century Literature, kd 67, nr 2, lk 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-9084328

Cole, Merrill 2006. Backwards ventriloquy: The historical uncanny in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 52, nr 4, lk 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2006-1005

DeKoeven, Marianne 1989. Gendered doubleness and the “origins” of modernist form. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 8, nr 1, lk 19–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/463878

Downing, Lisa 2011. Notes on a proto-queer Rachilde: Decadence, deviance and (reverse) discourse in La Marquise de Sade. – Sexualities, kd 15, nr 1, lk 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711432093

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau 2014. “Virile thought”: Modernist maleness, poetic forms and practices. – Modernism and Masculinity. Toim Natalya Lusty, Julian Murphet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139097123.003

Frank, Joseph 1945. Spatial form in modern literature: An essay in two parts. – The Sewanee Review, kd 53, nr 1, lk 221–240; kd 53, nr 2, lk 433–456; kd 53, nr 4, lk 643–653.

Fuchs, Miriam 1993. Djuna Barnes and T. S. Eliot: Authority, resistance, and acquiescence. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 12, nr 2, lk 288–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/463931

Gallagher, Jean 2001. Vision and inversion in Nightwood. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 47, nr 2, lk 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2001.0023

Glavey, Brian 2009. Dazzling estrangement: Modernism, queer ekphrasis, and the spatial form of Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 124, nr 3, lk 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.749

Goody, Alex 2007. Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288300_2

Grigorjeva, Sveta 2022. Naised, taimed ja juurdumine maastikku. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 79–98.

Gutkin, Len 2014. Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and decadent style. – Literature Compass, kd 11, nr 6, lk 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12142

Hasselblatt, Cornelius 2016. Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu. (Heuremata. Humanitaarteaduslikke monograafiaid.) Tlk Mari Tarvas, Maris Saagpakk, Ave Mattheus. Tallinn–Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heise, Thomas 2009. Degenerate Sex and the City: Djuna Barnes’s urban under­world. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 55, nr 3, lk 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2009-4004

Herring, Phillip F. 1995. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Penguin Books.

Herring, Scott 2007. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226327921.001.0001

Hinrikus, Rutt 1998. Reed Morni tee ja tõde. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 521–534; nr 9, lk 622–634.

Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael 2016. Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jonsson, AnnKatrin 2005. Nightwood and the limits of representation. – Textual Ethics ­Studies, or: Locating Ethics. (Critical Studies 26.) Toim Anna Fahreaus, A. Jonsson. ­Leiden: Brill, lk 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202046_017

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Lamos, Colleen R. 2017. The men of 1914. – The Cambridge History of Modernism. Toim Vincent Sherry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139540902.030

Lauretis, Teresa de 2008. Freud’s Drive: Psychoanalysis, Literature and Film. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lepsoo, Tanel 2020. Mediated world and attention crisis: Unhappy consciousness a hundred years ago. – Interlitteraria, kd 25, nr 1, lk 110–123. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2020.25.1.11

Marling, Raili; Talviste, Eret 2022. Võõristusest läheduseni. Kehad ja meeled Emil Tode „Raadios”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 387–403. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk773a1

Massumi, Brian 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.

McGuigan, John 2009. Against the “Foetus of Symmetry”: Sur-Realism and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood. – The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, kd 41, nr 2, lk 18–43.

Morn, Reed 2008. Andekas parasiit. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Nirk, Endel 1985. Avardumine. Vaatlusi eesti romaani arenguteelt. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Oras, Ants 1939. Naiskirjanikest mujal ja meil. – Looming, nr 6, lk 659–663; nr 7, lk 735–741.

Ryan, Derek 2015. Virginia Woolf and the Materiality of Theory: Sex, Animal, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Seitler, Dana 2001. Down on all fours: Atavistic perversions and the science of desire from Frank Norris to Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 73, nr 2, lk 525–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-73-3-525

Sherry, Vincent 2014. Modernism and the Reinvention of Decadence. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139941570

Smith, Victoria L. 1999. A story beside(s) itself: The language of loss in Djuna Barnes’ ­Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 114, nr 2, lk 194–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/463391

Stevenson, Guy 2020. Diluting holy writ: From the ‘Men of 1914’ to the beat generation. – ­Textual Practice, kd 34, nr 9, lk 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2020.1808300

Stewart, Kathleen 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822390404

Taylor, Julie 2012. Djuna Barnes and Affective Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748646760

Warren, Diana 2008. Djuna Barnes’ Consuming Fictions. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.

Watts, Kara; Hall, Molly Volanth; Hackett, Robin (toim) 2019. Affective Materialities: Reori­enting the Body in Modernist Literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056289.001.0001

Weir, David 2009. Decadent Culture in the United States. Albany: SUNY Press.

Keywords: translation history, translator studies, multipositionality, gender

The perspective of multipositionality as a means of taking a holistic approach to a person’s multiple lives, i.e. to their different professional fields of activity, has been used to a great effect in translation (including translator) studies. This article explores the feasibility of adapting this concept to the Estonian literary context by looking at the case of Marta Sillaots (1887–1969), known to the wider public mostly as a translator and critic. Less known is her work as a teacher, journalist, and an author of not just children’s stories, but of adult prose, too.

It was primarily the archival sources which demonstrated that Sillaots’ literary and non-literary activities at the start of her career, in the first decades of the 20th century, took several interrelated forms with transferred interests and shifting authority from one field of activity to another. An exploration of Sillaots’ multiple lives unveils a young woman’s professional literary aspirations in their complex, intertwined nature, and reveals her means of survival within the restrictions, conventions and limitations of the largely patriarchal early 20th century Estonian literary landscape.

 

Külliki Steinberg (b. 1970), MA, University of Tartu, Doctoral Student in Translation ­History and Translator Studies at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), kulliki.steinberg@ut.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 92, m 276:26. O/ü „Noor-Eesti” käsikirjad. Kirjad Marta Sillaots-Rannat’ilt. 06.09.1918–04.01.1938.

f 155, m 3:7. Marta Reichenbach’i kirjad Eduard Virgo’le. 22.05.1953–03.07.1954.

f 155, m 28:1. Eduard Virgo. „Tallinna Kaja” käsikirjad Marta Reichenbach’ilt (Marta Sillaots). 1915.

f 185, m 4:7. Karl August Hindrey. Marta Sillaots. 16.03.1936.

f 194, m 21:51. „Eesti Biograafiline Leksikon” (EBL). Marta Sillaots (Reichenbach). 11.03.1927–20.06.1928.

f 275, m 15:15. Marta Sillaots-Reichenbach’i kirjad Johannes Aavik’ule. 16.12.1912–23.10.1916.

 

Kirjandus

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Postimees 29. III (11. IV), lk 5.

Aavik, Johannes 1912. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Tallinna Teataja 11. (24.) IV, lk 2.

Aavik, Johannes 1913a. Õigekeelsuslikud arvustused. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 315–319.

Aavik, Johannes 1913b. Eesti õigekeelsuse ja keele ilu küsimus. Vastuseletuseks hra Jõge­verile. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 422–427.

Adson, Artur 2017. Siuru-raamat. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Dekker, Rudolf 2002. Jacquer Presser’s Heritage: Egodocuments in the Study of History. – Memoria y Civilización, nr 5, lk 13–37. https://doi.org/10.15581/001.5.33803

EBL 1926–1929 = Eesti biograafiline leksikon. (Akadeemilise Ajaloo-Seltsi toimetused II. Academicae Societatis Historicae scripta II. Estonia.) Peatoim A. R. Cederberg. Toim Henrik Koppel, Johan Kõpp, Andrus Saareste, Peeter Treiberg, Friedebert Tuglas, Richard Kleis. Tartu: K./Ü. Loodus.

Eisen, Matthias Johann 1914. Anderseni muinasjutud I. Eesti keelde Anna Haava. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 16–17.

Gielen, Katiliina 2012. Marta Sillaotsa eksplitsiitne ja implitsiitne tõlkepoeetika. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 104–117. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.571

Guzmán, María Constanza 2020. (re)Visiting the translator’s archive: Toward a genealogy of translation in the Americas. – Palimpsestes, nr 34, lk 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.5538

J. A. [Johannes Aavik] 1913. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Postimees 13. (26.) VI, lk 1–2.

Jürgenstein, Anton 1913. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 9, lk 345–347.

Kaal, Alma 1937. Mõnest iseloomulikust joonest Marta Sillaotsa tegevuses. (Tema 50-nda sünnipäeva puhul.) – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 227–234.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. Kõverpeeglist uute prillideni: soouurimus ja kirjandus. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–56.

Krusten, Reet 1967. Marta Sillaots kaheksakümnendal künnisel. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 295–297.

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Pilguheit ühe virga naise teele ja tööle. – O. Kruus, Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 171–183.

Kuningas, Oskar 1987. Mälestuspilte Marta Sillaotsast. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 309–312.

Kuurme, Tiiu 2011. Haridus, kasvatus ja sugupool. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 238–273.

Lange, Anne 2009. Otse predestineerit. – Tuna. Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, nr 3, lk 151–156.

Laos, Karl 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 198–201.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915a. Ei ole ja on. – Tallinna Kaja 26. IX, nr 38, lk 607–608.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915b. Lendur Tartus. – Tallinna Kaja 17. X, nr 41, lk 654–655.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915c. Kõiksugu ilma asjust, peaasjalikult Tartu asjust. – Tallinna Kaja 31. X, nr 43, lk 686–687.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915d. Austeli peal. – Tallinna Kaja 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 543.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915e. Lendur Tallinnas. – Tallinna Kaja 28. XI, nr 47, lk 752.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915f. Talve tulekul. – Tallinna Kaja 24. X, nr 42, lk 671–672.

Luiga, Juhan 1995. Noor-Suomi – Eesti. – J. Luiga, Mäss ja meelehaigus. (Eesti mõttelugu 1.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, lk 274–318.

Meylaerts, Reine 2013. The multiple lives of translators. – TTR (Traduction, terminologie, rédaction), kd 26, nr 2, lk 103–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037134ar

Mits, Krista 2012. Pilk ingliskeelse kirjanduse tõlgetele 18. sajandi lõpust 20. sajandi algus­veerandini. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 70–87. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.569

Möldre, Aile 2012. Ilukirjanduse tõlked 20. sajandi esimese poole Eesti ja Soome raamatu­toodangus (1900–1940). – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 88–103. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.570

Nora, Pierre 1996 [1984]. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Piibeleht, Tiit [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Luulelik potpourri. – Tallinna Kaja 15. VIII, nr 32, lk 506–509.

Raudsepp, Hugo 2013. Mait Metsanurk ja tema aeg. Ühe vaimsuse kroonika kaasaegse sulest. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Reichenbach, Marta 1912. L. Onerva. Murdjooned. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 36–39.

Saluäär, Anu 1987. Marta Sillaots 1887–1969. – Looming, nr 5, lk 672–681.

Saluäär, Anu 2009. Kirjutav eesti naine. – M. Sillaots, Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, lk 155–172.

Saluäär Anu 2013. Kirg ja kavalus? – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 63–65.

Schlager, Daniela 2021. Translator’s multipositionality, teloi and goals: The case of Harriet Martineau. – Literary Translator Studies. Toim Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, D. Schlager. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, lk 199–314. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.156.10sch

Sillaots, Marta 2009 [1939]. Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Sillaots, Marta 2012. Kirg ja kavalus. (Eesti mõttelugu 104.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

„Söömise-taidur” [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Söömisest. Vaatlused ja näpunäited. – Tallinna Kaja 10. X, nr 40, lk 637–639.

Sütiste, Elin 2012. Tõlkelugu ja kultuurimälu. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 152–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.574

Tammsaare, A. H. 1914. Midagi ilust ja „Anna Holmist”. – Vaba Sõna, nr 1, lk 39–42.

Teder, Eerik 1967. Marta Sillaots 80-aastane. – Looming, nr 5, lk 794–795.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti kirjandus 1921. – F. Tuglas, Kriitika IV. Tartu: Noor-Eesti Kirjastus, lk 162–223.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1986. Valik kirju. Koost August Eelmäe. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 1–2.

Wallace, Edgar 1915. Nelja kohus. – Tallinna Kaja 22. VIII, nr 33, lk 525–527; 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 538–541; 5. IX, nr 35, lk 557–559; 12. IX, nr 36, lk 566–569; 19. IX, nr 37, lk 588–591; 26. IX, nr 38, lk 602–607; 3. X, nr 39, lk 620–623; 10. X, nr 40, lk 634–636; 17. X, nr 41, lk 651–653; 24. X, nr 42, lk 669–671; 31. X, nr 43, lk 684–686; 7. XI, nr 44, lk 702–704; 14. XI, nr 45, lk 714–719; 21. XI, nr 46, lk 730–733; 28. XI, nr 47, lk 750–752; 5. XII, nr 48, lk 762–768.

Keyword: New Woman, literary decadence, melancholy, creativity, desire

This article analyzes Alma Ostra’s (1886–1960) literary debut, the novella “Aino” (1923), which carries an air of decadence combined with naturalistic elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the fin de siècle period, decadent aesthetics was a province mostly occupied by men. Several gender-sensitive cultural researchers have shown that the attitudes (such as elitism, individualism, colonialism) and imagery contained in these texts are misogynistic by nature. Building on this, feminist scholars have asked how the forms of decadent aesthetics employed by male authors of the time are reshaped in the texts by women authors, and whether and in which ways these transformations can be seen as feminist practice. Proceeding from these questions, this article explores how Ostra’s work reutilizes three interrelated tropes commonly found in decadent aesthetics: ambivalent melancholy, sexual desire, and creativity. The study reveals how the chosen affective states, characters, and ideas of decadence are employed in “Aino” to critique manifestations of patriarchy, such as double standards, rigid gender roles, and rape culture, whereas such criticism appears more laboured in texts by Ostra’s male colleagues, for example Tuglas and Aavik, with whom “Aino” engages in dialogue.

The decadent, ambivalent mode of expression is a dominant note in “Aino,” allowing, on the one hand, for the portrayal of disappointments associated with womanhood, and on the other hand, for expressions of enthusiasm, thereby representing aspects of the female experience in early 20th-century literature in a nuanced way. The central affect of melancholy depicted in the text triggers depression and creativity, disdain for love, as well as pleasurable, sexually charged scenes – elements that have largely been overlooked in other works of the period. The infusion of the naturalist trope of race – the deep psyche and affective nature of the human groups active in a particular region (nationality) – into Aino’s self-perception adds suggestiveness to the negative emotions caused by gender-based constraints. Ostra’s work portrays the double oppression experienced by Estonian female students of the time, both in rural and (academic) urban environments. The perception of women’s entrapment is balanced by descriptions of new forms of female subjectivity – such as the intensely imaginative female thinker-artist – pointing towards a more harmonious future, gender-wise, and a hopeful outlook for women. As such, “Aino” engages in a critical conversation with both the anti-feminist lines of thought that perpetuate women’s lack of creative capacity and independence, and the feminist theories of the first half of the 20th century, which emphasized women’s autonomy as well as the importance of their sexual fulfilment.

 

Merlin Kirikal (b. 1986), PhD, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Under and Tuglas Literature Centre, Senior Researcher (Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn), merlinkirikal@gmail.com

References

ARHIIVIALLIKAD

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 193, m 105:56. Eesti avalikkude tegelaste elulugude kogu. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

f 194, m 19:11. „Eesti biograafiline leksikon”. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

 

KIRJANDUS

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1923. Kirjandusest. Alma Ostra. Aino. – Postimees 21. II, lk 4.

Battersby, Christine 1989. Gender and Genius: Towards a Feminist Aesthetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350926790

Baudelaire, Charles 2010. 66 kurja lille. Koost Ain Kaalep, tlk A. Kaalep, August Sang, Märt Väljataga. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.

Belobrovtseva, Irina; Meimre, Aurika 2005. Peterburi tekst XX sajandi Eesti kirjanduses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 609–616.

Boyiopoulos, Kostas 2022. The decadent short story: Forms of the morbid. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.17

Bühler-Dietrich, Annette 2011. Contestations of normativity: Rereading nineteenth-century authors with current moral philosophy. – German Women’s Writing of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Future Directions in Feminist Criticism. Toim Helen Fronius, Anna Richards. New York: Legend, lk 140–154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093611-11

Cole, Richard 2015. Fear and precarious life after political representation in Baudelaire. – Modernism and Affect. Toim Julie Taylor. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, lk 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748693269-012

Condé, Alice 2022. Contemporary contexts: Decadence today and tomorrow.  – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.6

Constable, Liz; Potolsky, Matthew; Denisoff, Dennis 1999. Introduction. – Perennial Decay: On the Aesthetics and Politics of Decadence. Toim L. Constable, M. Potolsky, D. Denisoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, lk 1–34. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292480-001

Craske, Helen 2018. Desire and the demi-vierge: The impenetrable ideal in decadent fiction. – Dix-Neuf, kd 22, nr 1–2, lk 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2018.1476438

Desmarais, Jane; Condé, Alice 2017. Introduction. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim J. Desmarais, A. Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.6

Desmarais, Jane; Weir, David (toim) 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.001.0001

Dierkes-Thrun, Petra 2017. Decadent sensuality in Rachilde and Wilde. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim Jane Desmarais, Alice Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 51–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.9

Elo ja Friedebert Tuglas. Kirjad teineteisele 1917–1947. Koost August Eelmäe. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, 2001.

Felski, Rita 1995. The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036796

Flatley, Jonathan 2008. Affective Mappings: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Cambridge–London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036963

Friedman, Dustin 2021. “The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aesthet­icism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses. – Feminist Modernist Studies, kd 4, nr 2, lk 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950475

H. P. 1923. Kirjandus. Aino. Romaan. Alma Ostra. – Agu, nr 9, lk 286–288.

H. R. [Hugo Raudsepp] 1923. Aino. Alma Ostra romaani ilmumise puhul. – Vaba Maa 17. IV, lk 5–6.

Haug, Toomas 1987. Salakorterist linnavalitsusse. – Vikerkaar, nr 11, lk 66–69.

Hawthorne, Melanie 2022. The interwar period: Legacies of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.5

Higonnet, Margaret 1986. Speaking silences: Women’s suicide. – The Female Body in Western Culture. Contemporary Perspectives. Toim Susan Rubin Suleiman. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London, England: Harvard University Press, lk 68–83.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006a. J. Randvere „Ruth” ja Otto Weiningeri „Geschlecht und Charakter”. – J. Randvere „Ruth” 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse kultuuris. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 1.) Toim M. Hinrikus. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 145–169.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006b. Spleen the Estonian way: Estonian literary decadence in J. Randvere’s „Ruth” (1909), Friedebert Tuglas’ „Felix Ormusson” (1915), and A. H. Tammsaare’s novellas „Noored hinged” (1909) and „Kärbes” (1917). – Interlitteraria, nr 11, lk 305−321.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Decadent modernism and the imprint of Taine in Aino Kallas’ Young Estonia: Portraits and trajectories. – Aino Kallas, Negotiations with Modernity. Toim Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, lk 66–90.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2014. Ambivalentsest dekadentsist ja selle sümptomitest Paul Bourget’ ja Friedrich Nietzsche tekstides ning Friedebert Tuglase romaanis „Felix Ormusson”. –Autogenees ja ülekanne. Moodsa kultuuri kujunemine Eestis. (Collegium litterarum 25.) Koost Rein Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 199–236.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2015. Tammsaare’s constructions of femininity in light of Weininger’s concept of sex difference. – Journal of Baltic Studies, kd 46, nr 2, lk 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.981672

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2017. Kurja lillede lapsed. Sissejuhatus eesti dekadentlikku kunsti. – Kurja lillede lapsed. Eesti dekadentlik kunst. Toim M. Hinrikus, Lola Annabel Kass, Liis Pählapuu. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstimuuseum, lk 17–55.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2022. Autentsuse probleemid: tõu(sik)rahvuslus, sünteesid ja „Felix Ormusson”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Koost M. Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 267–332.

Hinrikus, Mirjam; Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Decadence as dynamism and mutability: The ­Nietzschean-Bergsonian imprint in the rarly works of A. H. Tammsaare and J. Semper. – Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, nr 100, lk 717−740.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hinrikus, Rutt 2011. Eesti naine, haridus ja „naisterahva küsimus” 20. sajandi alguses. – ENÜS 100. Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts. Vaated ajalukku. Tartu: ENÜS, lk 33–41.

Huddleston, Andrew 2022. Philosophy: Post-Kantian narratives of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.36

Huysmans, Joris-Karl 2013. Äraspidi. (Ajavaim.) Tlk Leena Tomasberg. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Jürgenstein, M. 1923. „Aino”. Alma Ostra. – Üliõpilasleht, nr 4, lk 58–59.

Kallas, Aino 1929. Ants Raudjalg. – A. Kallas, Kogutud teosed I. Mere tagant. Ants Raudjalg. Tlk Friedebert Tuglas. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kirjastus, lk 147–278.

Karjahärm, Toomas; Sirk, Väino 1997. Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Kirikal, Merlin 2021. Viriloid women and bodiless men: On modern sexualities in the oeuvre of Johannes Semper. – Interlitteraria, nr 2, lk 448–463. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2021.26.2.9

Kirss, Tiina 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid naisajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. „Uus naine” ja Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Seltsi algaastad. – Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts 100. Vaateid ajaloost. Toim T. Kirss, Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–44.

Kirss, Tiina 2015. Kui naised Bebelit lugesid. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 80–104.

Kivimäe, Sirje; Tamul, Sirje 1999. Naisüliõpilased Tartu Ülikoolis 1905–1918. – Vita academica, vita feminea. Koost S. Tamul. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 93–126.

Kollontai 1919 = Александра Коллонтaй, Новая женщина. – A. Коллонтай, Новая мораль и рабочий класс. Москва: Издательство ВЦИК, c. 3–35.

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. Doctoral Thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.

Lappalainen, Päivi 2007. The politics of naturalism: Women and fiction in the 1880s. – Women’s Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Toim P. Lappalainen, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 35–52.

Ledger, Sally 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press.

Lepp, Marta 2010 [1923]. 1905. aasta romantika, järellained, lõppvaatus. (Eesti mälu 18.) ­Tallinn: Eesti Päeva­leht.

Leppänen, Katarina 2008. Elin Wägner’s Alarm Clock: Ecofeminist Theory in the Interwar Era. Plymouth: Lexington Books.

Lind, Marianne 2018. Dekadentlik esteetika Jaan Oksa proosaloomingus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool.

Linde, Bernhard 1923. Toimetusele saadetud kiri. – Postimees 4. III, lk 5.

Lindsalu, Elo 2008. Naisekuju modelleerimine XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjanduses. Analüütiline ülevaade. (Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid.) ­Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Lukas, Liina 2004. New women baltisaksa kirjanduses. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 150–171.

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2003. The allure of decadence: French reflections in a Finnish looking glass. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siècle. (Studia Fennica Litteraria 1.) Toim P. Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, ­­lk 12–30. https://doi.org/10.21435/sflit.1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2020. Passions against the grain: Decadent emotions in Finnish wilderness. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 87–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-7

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2022. Nordic cultures: From wilderness to metropolitan decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.12

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020a. Decadence in Nordic literature: An overview. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 3–37. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020b. Preface. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk xvii–xviii. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Mahoney, Kristin 2019. Dainty malice: Ada Leverson and post-Victorian decadent feminism. – Decadence in the Age of Modernism. Toim Kate Hext, Alex Murray. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, lk 27–46.

Mahoney, Kristin 2022. The decadent novel: Generic inversions. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.16

Manne, Kate 2018. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. London: Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Mesch, Rachel 2006. The Hysteric’s Revenge: French Women Writers at the Fin de Siècle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Molarius, Päivi 2003. “Will the Human Race Degenerate?” The Individual, the Family and the Fearsome Spectre of Degeneracy in Finnish Literature of the late 19th and Early 20th Century. – Changing Scenes: Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 121–142.

Nietzsche, Friedrich 1996. Ecce homo. Kuidas saadakse selleks, mis ollakse. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Vagabund.

Offen, Karen M. 2000. European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162

Ostra, Alma 1923. Aino. Tallinn: Varrak.

Ostra, Alma 2016. Mälestised 1905. a. revolutsioonist. – 1905. aasta Eestis. Mälestused. Toim Toomas Karjahärm. Tallinn: Argo, lk 35–44.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2003. Free Love, Mystical Union or Prostitution? The Dissonant Love Stories of L. Onerva. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 54–84.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2014. Decadent New Woman (Un)Bound: Mimetic Strategies in L. Onerva’s Mirdja. [Doktoritöö.] University of Turku.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2019. Decadent New Woman’s ironic subversions: L. Onerva’s multi-layered irony. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 82−99.

Potolsky, Matthew 2021. Decadence and realism. – Victorian Literature and Culture, kd 49, nr 4, lk 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150320000248

Puik, Katrin 2022. Irooniast Friedebert Tuglase „Felix Ormussonis”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 60–79.

Pynsent, Robert B. 1989. Conclusory essay: Decadence, decay and innovation. – Decadence and Innovation. Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century. Toim R. Pynsent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, lk 111–248.

Randvere, J. 1980. Ruth. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 34–35. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Richardson, Angelique 2003. The life sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution”. – A Concise Companion to Modernism. Toim David Bradshaw. Malden–Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, lk 1–33.

Roelofs, Joan 2018. Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist feminism in theory and practice. – International Critical Thought, kd 8, nr 1, lk 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436

Roose, Arthur 1924. Eesti luule- ja proosatoodang 1923. – Päevalehe lisa 31. III, lk 102–104.

Rossi, Riikka 2019. Primitive passions and nostalgia for nature: Decadence and primitivism in Maria Jotuni’s Work. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 100–119.

Rønning, Anne Birgitte 2020. Decadence and female subjectivity in Dagny Juel’s prose poems. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 155–172.

Sakova, Aija 2005/2006. Eesti naise ühiskondlik-poliitiline ja perekondlik roll 1920ndate aastate alguses Emma Asson-Petersoni näitel. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 121–129.

Semper, Johannes 1914. Entusiasmi kultur (E. Verhaereni Venemaal viibimise puhuks). – Vaba Sõna, nr 2, lk 74–77.

Semper, Johannes 1926. Meie kirjanduse teed. – Looming, nr 7, lk 764–774.

Semper, Johannes 2013. Päevaraamatud. Toim Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Sengoopta, Chandak 2000. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press.

Showalter, Elaine 1993. Introduction. – Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin de Siècle. Toim E. Showalter. United Kingdom: Rutgers University Press, Virago Press, lk vii–xx.

Sillaots, Marta 1927. Neli „inimest ilma eluloota”. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 606–612.

Silverman, Debora L. 2018. Boundaries: Bourgeois Belgium and “tentacular” modern­ism. – Modern Intellectual History, kd 15, nr 1, lk 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244317000245

Snyder, Jane McIntosh 1998. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1978. Pikad sammud. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 2. kd. Jutustused (1907–1910). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 85–164.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1979. Kärbes. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 3. kd. Miniatuurid, jutustused, novellid (1909–1921). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 123–253.

Vakker, Triin 2012. Rahvusliku religiooni konstrueerimise katsed 1920.–1930. aastate Eestis – taara usk. – Mäetagused, nr 50, lk 175–198. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2012.50.vakker

Vardi, Sophia 1914. Esimesed tuuled. Tartu: Noor-Eesti.

Viljamaa, Piret; Hillermaa, Rita 2010. Naised Eesti parlamendis 1917–1940, 1992–2019. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.

Vuorikuru, Silja 2018. Maailma südames. Tlk Sirje Olesk. Tallinn: Varrak.

Weir, David 1995. Decadence and the Making of Modernism. Amherst: University of ­Massachusetts Press.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004a. Preface. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic Opening: Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk vii–xiv.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004b. Introduction. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic ­Opening. Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk 1–14.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004c. Towards a feminist genealogy of modernism: The narcissistic turn in Lou Andreas-Salomé and Edith Södergran. – Gender – Power – Text: Nordic Culture in the Twentieth Century. Toim Helena Forsås-Scott. Norwich: Norvik Press, lk 61–76.

PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.

Timonen, Senni (toim) 1980. Näin lauloi Larin Paraske. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Tvauri, Andres 2001. Muinas-Tartu. Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusloost. (Muinasaja teadus 10.) Tallinn–Tartu: Ajaloo Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli arheoloogia õppetool.

Valk, Ülo 1993. Kust tuli Ilmalind? Läänemeresoome loomisloo päritolust I–II. – Vikerkaar, nr 2, lk 21–29; nr 3, lk 61–66.

Van De Bogart, Willard G. 2014. The Giant Swing (Lo Ching Cha): Brahmanical origins and its significance to the religious culture of Thailand. – Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. Toim Pranee Liamputtong. Dordrecht: Springer, lk 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7244-1_2

Viidalepp, Richard 1936. Eesti muistsest kiigekultuurist. – Nädal Pildis, nr 10, lk 220–222.

Vissel, Anu 2002. Eestlaste kiigekultuur enne ja nüüd. – Mäetagused, nr 21, lk 7–84. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2002.21.kiik

Keywords: literature didactics, teaching poetry, basic psychological needs

In recent years, discussions about the modernization of literature education have gained prominence. However, there persists a lack of insight into the actual practices occurring in schools. From the perspective of poetry education, it is crucial to delve into the reality of how poetry is taught in Estonian schools. There is a dearth of information on which authors are being taught, how poetry is approached, and how students are supported in their reading. This article is the first to address these questions. It offers a comprehensive analysis that maps the position of poetry within Estonian schools and thus points to potential future scenarios concerning the societal role of poetry. It is worth noting that our research is not meant to examine the entirety of poetry education but specifically focuses on the treatment of poetry collections.

The study is based on a semi-structured survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, involving 84 literature teachers from across Estonia. The questions addressed the poetry works covered, preferred authors, approaches to poetry collections, and the challenges encountered in poetry education. These aspects were examined within the context of decades of research in poetry didactics.

Teachers report students’ limited appreciation for literature, infrequent reading habits, difficulties in grasping figurative language, and a restricted vocabulary. Furthermore, they highlight a lack of suitable teaching materials for poetry. Teachers acknowledge their own limited knowledge of poetry and poetry collections. This creates a cycle where teachers’ prior experiences with poetry collections hamper their enthusiasm for teaching, thus perpetuating the absence of a tradition. Contemporary and foreign poetry is frequently avoided. One-third of teachers fail to provide adequate support during independent reading. A significant portion of teachers concludes poetry collection instruction with creative projects.

This study reveals that poetry, particularly in the form of poetry collections, occupies a marginalized space in literature classrooms. Around a quarter of students complete their basic education without ever having read any poetry collections. Teachers grapple with a shortage of suitable teaching materials and require substantial support. Given these challenges, fostering an enhanced poetry education hinges on collaboration between literary studies and didactics to unlock the pedagogical-poetic potential of poetry and make it more visible. In summary, both teachers and poetry are in need of assistance, and this study underscores the challenges that underlie poetry instruction.

Marie Udam (b. 1991), MA, Narva Estonian School, literature and Estonian language teacher (Hariduse 3, 20307 Narva), marie.udam@nerg.ee

Joosep Susi (b. 1989), MA, Tallinn University, junior lecturer of Literature Didactics and Estonian Literature (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), jsusi@tlu.ee

Merilyn Meristo (b. 1975), PhD, Tallinn University, associate professor (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), merilyn.meristo@tlu.ee

References

Adamson, Ele 2015. Luule õpetamine gümnaasiumis: kirjandusõpetajate pedagoogilised arusaamad ja metoodilised lähenemised. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeele­teaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/47092?show=full

Belle, Crystal 2016. Don’t believe the hype: Hip-hop literacies and English education. – Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, kd 60, nr 3, lk 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.574

Benton, Michael 1978. Poetry for children: a neglected art. – Children’s Literature in Education, kd 9, nr 3, lk 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01142921

Benton, Peter 1986. Pupil, Teacher, Poem. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Benton, Peter 2000. The conveyor belt curriculum? Poetry teaching in the secondary school II. – Oxford Review of Education, kd 26, nr 1, lk 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/030549800103872

Bryer, Theo; Lindsay, Morlette; Wilson, Rebecca 2014. A take on a Gothic poem: Tablet film-making and literary texts. – Changing English, kd 21, nr 3, lk 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2014.929284

Coles, Jane; Bryer, Theo 2018. Reading as enactment: transforming Beowulf through drama, film and computer game. – English in Education, kd 52, nr 1, lk 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2018.1414419

Creely, Edwin 2019. “Poetry is dying”: creating a (re)new(ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. – Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, kd 42, nr 2, lk 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03652031

Culler, Jonathan 2017. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press.

Dahlbäck, Katharina; Lyngfelt, Anna; Bengtsdotter Katz, Viktoria 2018. Views of poetry as a competence expressed by students in teacher education. – Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, kd 15, lk 101–119. https://doi.org/10.12775/ths.2018.007

Deci, Richard M; Ryan, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. – American Psychologist, kd 55, nr 1, lk 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Delchamps, Vivian 2018. Teaching poetry through dance. – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim Sandra Lee Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_3

Dressman, Mark 2015. The paradox of poetry education. – The Routledge International Hand­book of the Arts and Education. Abingdon–New York: Routledge, lk 203–211.

Farber, Jerry 2015. On not betraying poetry. – Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, kd 15, nr 2, lk 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1215/15314200-2844985

GRÕK 2023 = Gümnaasiumi riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 6. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_gym_lisa1.pdf#

Haramija, Dragica; Batič, Janja 2018. The role of illustration in interpreting a multi­modal literary text. – The New Educational Review, kd 52, nr 2, lk 195–205. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2018.52.2.15

Hennoste, Tiit 1997. Kaanon. Kaanan. – Vikerkaar, nr 12, lk 59–70.

Höglund, Heidi 2017. Video Poetry: Negotiating Literary Interpretations. Students Multi­modal Designing in Response to Literature. [Doktoritöö.] Åbo Akademi University.

Jusslin, Sofia; Höglund, Heidi 2021. Entanglements of dance/poetry: Creative dance in students’ poetry reading and writing. – Research in Dance Education, kd 22, nr 3, lk 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2020.1789088

Kalamees-Ruubel, Katrin 2014. Eesti keele ja kirjandusõpetuse roll eesti õppekeelega üld­hariduskooli õppekavas 1917–2014. Ajaloolis-analüütiline käsitlus. (Tallinna Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste dissertatsioonid 80.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, kasvatusteaduste instituut. https://www.etera.ee/zoom/1943/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info

Kivi, Kersti 2017. Luule käsitlemise võimalusi põhikooli II astmes. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kleppe, Sandra Lee 2018. Teaching poetry with painting: “Why do yo thus devise evil against her?” – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim S. L. Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_5

Kovalik, Kate; Curwood, Jen Scott 2019. #poetryisnotdead: understanding Instagram poetry within a transliteracies framework. – Literacy, kd 53, nr 4, lk 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12186

Kullo, Katrin 2021. Kooliraamatukogude varustatuse mõju ilukirjandusteoste valikule ja käsitlus­viisidele kirjandusõpetuses. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kumar, Tracey 2018. The battle for rap: Problems and possibilities in teacher education. – Teaching Education, kd 29, nr 2, lk 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1377695

Lantolf, James P.; Poehner, Matthew E. 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813850

Lotman, Juri 2006. Kunstilise teksti struktuur. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Pärt Lias. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Merilai, Arne 2004. Kooli kirjandusõpetusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 610–615.

Meyer, Oliver; Coyle, Do 2017. Pluriliteracies teaching for learning: conceptualizing progression for deeper learning in literacies development. – European Journal of Applied Linguistics, kd 5, nr 2, lk 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0006

Nool, Kerli 2021. Luulekogu käsitlemine 6. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Org, Andrus 2000. Luule õpetamise metoodika gümnaasiumis. Õpetajakoolituse lõputöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti kirjanduse ja teatriteaduse õppetool.

Paasik, Merli 2013. Luulekogu õpetamise võimalusi põhikooli kirjandustunnis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/31440

Palk, Eliise 2020. Algajate eesti keele ja kirjanduse õpetajate töökoormus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Palmiste, Tiia 2021. Hiiumaaga seotud luuletajate ja nende luulekogude käsitlus põhikoolis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeeleteatuse instituut.

Pieper, Irene 2020. L1 Education and the place of literature. – Rethinking L1 Education on a Global Era: Understanding the (Post-) National L1 Subjects in New and Difficult Times. Toim Bill Green, Per-Olof Erixon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, lk 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55997-7_6

Poetry in Schools: A Survey of Practice 2006/2007. London: Ofsted.

PRÕK 2023 = Põhikooli riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 1. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_pohi_lisa1.pdf#

Päll, Kristiane 2023. Räpptekstide käsitlemine 8. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Řeřichová, Vlasta; Vala, Jaroslav; Sladová, Jana 2014. Poetry in school – the old issues and new challenges. – e-Pedagogium, kd 14, nr 4, lk 127–139. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2014.048

Rosenblatt, Louise M. 1978. The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of Literary Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Salm, Kaisa 2012. Kujundlikkuse käsitlemine eesti keele ja kirjanduse õppematerjalides põhikooli III astmes. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/35309

Sigvardsson, Anna 2017. Teaching poetry reading in secondary education: Findings from a systematic literature review. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 61, nr 5, lk 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1172503

Sigvardsson, Anna 2020. Don’t fear poetry! Secondary teachers’ key strategies for engaging pupils with poetic texts. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 64, nr 6, lk 953–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1650823

Simecek, Karen; Rumbold, Kate 2016. The uses of poetry. – Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, kd 23, nr 4, lk 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2016.1230300

Sulkunen, Sari; Arffman, Inga 2010. Key element No 4: Choosing engaging reading materials. – ADORE – Teaching Struggling Adolescent Readers in European Countries. Toim Christine Garbe, Karl Holle, Svantje Weinhold. Frankfurt am Main–Berlin–Bern–Bruxelles–New York–Oxford–Wien: Peter Lang, lk 102–113.

Susi, Joosep; Org, Andrus 2023. Praegused noored õpivad tiu-tiu! teisiti. – Sirp 6. I, lk 29–31.

Säre, Egle 2021. Arutelu kui õppemeetod vajab taasavastamist. – Õpetajate Leht 19. III, lk 7.

Talviste, Katre 2019. Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos. – Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis, nr 4, lk 32−55. https://doi.org/10.22601/PET.2019.04.02

Vaino, Maarja 2023. Kirjandusõpe nõukogude koolis. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1–2, lk 240–254. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk782a13

Vapper, Mari 2018. Õpilaste valitud kirjandusteoste osakaal ja tähendus põhikooli II–III astme kirjandustundides. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Wandera, David B. 2016. Teaching poetry through collaborative art: an analysis of multi­modal ensembles for transformative learning. – Journal of Transformative Education, kd 14, nr 4, lk 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344616650749

Weaven, Mary; Clark, Tom 2013. “I guess it scares us” – Teachers discuss the teaching of poetry in senior secondary English. – English in Education, kd 47, nr 3, lk 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eie.12016

Xerri, Daniel 2012. Poetry teaching and multimodality: theory into practice. – Creative Education, kd 3, nr 4, lk 507–512. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34077

Young, Alice Mary 2016. High school English teachers’ experiences with poetry pedagogy. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.

Keywords: Verb Second (V2), language contact, language history, Germanic ­languages, prosody, corpus study

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies – a synchronic and a diachronic one – that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives.

The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses.

The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order.

 

Heete Sahkai (b. 1972), PhD, Institute of the Estonian Language, Senior Researcher (Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn), heete.sahkai@eki.ee

Anne Tamm (b. 1968), PhD habil., Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Associate Professor (Reviczky u. 4, 1088 Budapest), tamm.anne@kre.hu

Anders Holmberg (b. 1951), PhD, Newcastle University, School of English Literature, Language, and Linguistics, Emeritus Professor (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU), anders.holmberg@newcastle.ac.uk

Keywords: Estonian poetry, Artur Alliksaar, rhyme, alliteration, sound and meaning

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art – the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923–1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabic-accentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works.

The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar’s poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes.

The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference.

 

Rebekka Lotman (b. 1978), PhD, University of Tartu, Institute of Cultural Research, Associate Professor of World Literature (Ülikooli 16, 51003 Tartu), rebekka.lotman@ut.ee

Maria-Kristiina Lotman (b. 1974), PhD, University of Tartu, Associate Professor of Classical Philology (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), maria.lotman@ut.ee

Mihhail Lotman (b. 1952), PhD, University of Tartu, Visiting Professor of Semiotics (Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu), mihhail.lotman@ut.ee

Keywords: Yelena Skulskaya, Andrei Ivanov, identity

Contemporary methodologies increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity. In the social sciences, mass culture and literature are gaining attention as new sources of knowledge. Looking at literature through the lens of the new methodological frameworks allows for a more comprehensive study of identities and their evolution. This article applies a new methodology of studying the national identity, developed by Ted Hopf and Bentley Allan in the framework of the project Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database, which makes it possible to examine the emergence and persistence of the concept of “a Russian from Russia” as “the Other” in the identity discourse of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia after the restoration of Estonian independence. The first part of this article focuses on identifying the initial stages of the formation of this idea in Estonian Russian-language magazines that covered literature and social issues – Tallinn and Raduga. The second part analyzes the works of the two most popular and well-known Russian-speaking authors – Yelena Skulskaya and Andrei Ivanov. The analysis in complemented by interviews with the writers and references to the works of other Russian-speaking authors.

 

Elena Pavlova (b. 1975), PhD, University of Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, Research Fellow (Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu), ­elena.pavlova@ut.ee

Keywords: nationalism, transnational feminist modernism, Estonian literature, women’s writing, comparative literature

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

 

Eret Talviste (b. 1991), PhD, University of Tartu, College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Researcher of Contemporary English ­Literature (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), eret.talviste@ut.ee

 

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 245 – Friedebert Tuglas

 

Kirjandus

A. K. 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Naise teoseist kaovad poos, šest ja sädistamine alles pärast viiekümnendat eluaastat. – Vaba Maa 16. V, lk 8.

Aele, A. 1934. Noore naiskirjaniku naiselik romaan. – Sakala Pühapäev 22. XII, lk 3.

Annuk, Eve 2021. Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses „Liina” (1877). – Mäetagused, nr 81, lk 45−64. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.81.annuk

Annuk, Eve 2023. Naisproosakirjanikud kultuuriloos ja tänapäeva eesti kultuuriteadvuses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 755–774.

Annus, Epp 2017. Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226583

Berman, Jessica 2012. Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics, and Transnational Modern­ism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Berman, Jessica 2018. Practicing transnational feminist recovery today. – Feminist Modern­ist Studies, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2017.1382968

Doyle, Laura 2009. Toward a philosophy of transnationalism. – Journal of Transnational American Studies, kd 1, nr 1, lk 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5070/T811006941

Fernald, Anne E. 2013. Women’s fiction, new modernist studies, and feminism. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 59, nr 2, lk 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0024

Friedman, Susan Stanford 2001. Feminism, state fictions and violence: gender, geo­politics and transnationalism. – Communal/Plural, kd 9, nr 1, lk 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13207870124583

Hartman, Saidiya 2008. Venus in two acts. – Small Axe, kd 12, nr 26, lk 1–14.

Hennoste, Tiit 2016. Eesti kirjanduslik avangard 20. sajandi algul. Hüpped modernismi poole I. (Heuremata.) Tartu–Tallinn: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heywood, Andrew 2017. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

Hiiemäe, Sirly 2006. Naiskarakterid Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Soomustüdruk”. Bakalau­reusetöö. Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Dekadentlik modernsuskogemus A. H. Tammsaare ja nooreestlaste loomingus. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis ­Tartuensis 10.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hirsch, Marianne 2018. Feminist Archives of Possibility. – Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, kd 29, nr 1, lk 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-6681696

James, David; Seshagiri, Urmila 2014. Metamodernism: Narratives of Continuity and ­Revolution. – PMLA, kd 129, nr 1, lk 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.87

Kaljundi, Linda 2022. Decolonise that – Estonian identity as indigenous and/or white. – A Shade Colder, nr 1, https://www.ashadecolder.com/decolonise-that-estonian-identity-as-indigenous-and-or-white

Karro, Piret 2022. 150 aastat Eesti feminismi. – Vikerkaar, nr 4, lk 57–112.

Kenk, Kaire 2015. Unustusse vajunud. – Elu Lood. Eesti Naise kvartalilisa, nr 13, lk 20–27.

Kibuvits, Leida 1941. Vanad kirsipuud. – L. Kibuvits, Sipelgaõli. Tartu: RK Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, lk 79–105.

Kibuvits, Leida 1962. Orfeus II. – L. Kibuvits, Elagu inimene! Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 86–107.

Kibuvits, Leida 2003. Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Kibuvits, Leida 2022. Ladybirdred. Tlk Eret Talviste. – The Fortnightly Review, nr 2, https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2023/02/kibuvits-ladybirdred/

Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Pygmalioni ja Narkissose moodsad ümberkirjutused. Tuglase „Felix Ormusson” ja Semperi „Hiina kett”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 80–112.

Kirss, Tiina Ann 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid nais­ajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kivimaa, Katrin 2003. Nationalism, Gender and Cultural Identities: The Case of Estonian Art from the Impact of Modernity to the Post-Soviet Era 1850–2000. Leeds: University of Leeds.

Koobak, Redi; Marling, Raili 2014. The decolonial challenge: framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies. – European Journal of Women’s Studies, kd 21, nr 4, lk 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814542882

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis Tartuensis 6.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Kuznetski, Julia; Tüür, Kadri 2022. Estonian literature and ecofeminism. – The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Toim Douglas A. Vakoch. London: Routledge, lk 233–243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195610

Liivamets, Maire 2003. Mõned mõtted raamatu mõistmiseks. – Leida Kibuvits, Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 301–304.

Lindsalu, Elo 2009. Kes oli paradiisi perenaine? Naiskunstniku problemaatikast Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Paradiisi pärisperenaine”. – Looming, nr 7, lk 973–982.

Lykke, Nina 2010. Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge.

Mao, Douglas; Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2008. The new modernist studies. – PMLA, kd 123, nr 3, lk 737–748.

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Marling, Raili; Koobak, Redi 2017. Intersections of feminisms and neoliberalism: post-state-socialist Estonia in a transnational feminist framework. – Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, kd 38, nr 3, lk 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0001

McGiff, Shilo Rae 2018. „Out of the Heart of Spring”: Virginia Woolf and the Changing Shapes of Pastoral 1928-1938. Ithaca: Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.7298/waxh-c171

Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen J. (toim) 2020. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242356

Ojam, Indrek 2018. Modernismi muutuv tähendus eesti kirjanduskultuuris. Rekonstrueerimiskatse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 541–559. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk728a2

Pachmanová, Martina 2010. In? Out? In between? Some notes on the invisibility of a nascent Eastern European feminist and gender discourse in contemporary art theory. – Gender Check: A Reader. Art and Theory in Eastern Europe since the 1960s. Toim Bojana Pejic. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, lk 37–49.

Põldsaar, Raili 2008. The Baltic States. – Bonnie G. Smith (toim), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-80

Rojola, Lea 2009. „Ja ta tundis himu rääkida.” Aino Kallas, Maie Merits ja naiste hääl. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 746–757.

Saint-Amour, Paul K. 2018. Weak theory, weak modernism. – Modernism/Modernity, kd 25, nr 3, lk 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0035

Seaber, Luke; Shallcross, Michael 2019. The trouble with modernism: a dialogue. – The Modernist Review, nr 10. https://modernistreviewcouk.wordpress.com/2019/06/28/the-trouble-with-modernism/

Scott, Bonnie Kime 1990. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Soovik, Ene-Reet 2022. Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 29, lk 92–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v23i29.19033

Suchland, Jennifer 2011. Is postsocialism transnational? – Signs: Journal of Women in ­Culture and Society, kd 36, nr 4, lk 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/658899

Suburg, Lilli 1877. Liina. Ühe Eesti tütarlapse elulugu, temast enesest jutustatud. Tartu: ­Schnakenburg.

Talivee, Elle-Mari 2023. Looduskultuuri mur(d)epunkte. Meie antropotseen. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 267–285. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk783a1

Talviste, Eret 2021. Eestlus, naiste roll ja elu kui selline. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanist „Rahusõit”. – Looming, nr 6, lk 804−814.

Talviste, Eret 2022. Thoughts on peace during a train ride: Rethinking patriotism with ­Virginia Woolf and Leida Kibuvits. – Virginia Woolf Miscellany, nr 99, lk 18–20. https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2022/12/vwm99spring-fall2022-final-version.pdf

Tammsaare, A. H. 1981. Tõde ja õigus I. Kogutud teosed, 6. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Tlostanova, Madina 2012. Postsocialist ≠ postcolonial? On post-Soviet imaginary and global coloniality. – Journal of Postcolonial Writing, kd 48, nr 2, lk 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.658244

Tuglas, Friedebert 1933. Eesti romaan 1932. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 49–61.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti romaan 1934. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 109–126.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Manglus Sepapoeg. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 476–479.

Tüür, Kadri 2023. Naine kirjutab lindudest. Ökofeministlik ekskurss eesti looduskirjandusse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 847–872.

Uustalu, Linda 1985. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanimaailm. – Looming, nr 10, lk 1419–1423.

Vaino, Maarja 2012. Rist ja rõõm. Lisandusi Leida Kibuvitsa eluloole. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 755–767. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk659a3

Varrak, Toomas 2000. Estonia: crisis and ’pre-emptive’ authoritarianism. – Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Jeremy Mitchell (toim), Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–39: Systematic Case Studies. London–New York: Springer, lk 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774_5

Veski, Liisi 2023. Towards stronger national unity: statist ideas in Estonian nationalism during the “Era of Silence” (1934–1940). – Journal of Baltic Studies, lk 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2190991

Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2016. Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time. – Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, kd 18, nr 5, lk 748–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1173961

Woolf, Virginia 1992. A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. Toimetanud ja eessõna kirjutanud Morag Shiach. (Oxford World’s Classics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, Virginia 2011. Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid. – V. Woolf, The Essays of Virginia Woolf. Vol. 6: 1933–1941. Toim Stuart N. Clarke. London: Hogarth Press, lk 242–248.

Keywords: affect, modernist literature, gender, sexuality, Djuna Barnes, Reed Morn

This article focuses on American writer Djuna Barnes’s novel “Nightwood” (1936) and Estonian writer Reed Morn’s novel “The Talented Parasite” (Andekas parasiit, 1927). Specifically, the article analyses how the two novels represent bodies, affects and materiality, relying on the notion of affective modernism (Taylor 2012). English-language modernist texts have been frequently portrayed as aiming for impersonality and the rejection of emotions and sentiment. Authors like Julie Taylor have challenged this assumption, demonstrating the presence of emotions, drives and sensations in modernist texts. New research on modernism has shown modernist texts both portraying and theorizing bodies (Watts et al. 2019), discussing the relationship between the human and the non-human (Ryan 2015) as well as the Anthropocene (Adkins 2022). This article focuses on affects and senses, in particular the way affects move between bodies, being simultaneously creative and disruptive (Taylor 2012: 1). Both authors analyzed here employ affective ambivalence (Taylor 2012: 2). The article uses Tim Clarke’s (2021) concept of morbid vitalism to analyse how the two novels engage with a central problem of modernity: how to live in the context of despair. This question is viewed from a gendered perspective. The article builds on Taylor’s and Clarke’s analysis of Barnes, enriching their interpretations with insights from other scholars to bring the notion of affective modernism into the study of Estonian literature.

The analysis shows that Barnes’s novel provides an excellent example of morbid vitalism, showing recognizable affective tensions between life and death, felt especially keenly in the social margins where gender trouble does not permit characters to identify with normative social fantasies. Marginality becomes a privilege that permits the characters to see the contradictions in ideologies promising coherent subjecthood and to create modes of being that are oriented towards death while remaining open to the presence of others. The morbidity of Morn’s novel does not come to a similar understanding of affects and embodiment or embrace the vital potential of morbidity. “Nightwood” challenges the binary gender system, while “The Talented Parasite” fails to break out of the culturally prescribed internalized misogyny.

However, both novels test the boundaries of affective modernism. Women writers faced the especially difficult task of finding ways of writing about bodies and emotions without being criticized for dated sentimentality. Both texts provide new modes of affective writing, in which the body is present in the text, but not subjected to stereotypical emotional regimes. Barnes is bolder in her project. Morn, despite the pessimism of her final conclusion, addresses the same range of questions about representing the affects created by living outside of social expectation. Barnes does not grant a happy ending to her freak dandies, but affords them considerable vitality. Morn’s conclusion is pessimistic: the marginal can escape only into death. Both novels pose the question of how to live with despair and both conclude that the only answer can be found in affective ambivalence.

 

Raili Marling (b. 1973), PhD, University of Tartu, Professor of English Studies (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), raili.marling@ut.ee

References

Adkins, Peter 2022. The Modernist Anthropocene: Nonhuman Life and Planetary Change in James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes. (Edinburgh Critical Studies in Modernist Culture.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474481984

Ahmed, Sara 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bair, Deidre 1995. Anaïs Nin: A Biograhy. New York: Putnam.

Barnes, Djuna 1985. Interviews. Toim Alyce Barry, Douglas Messerli. Los Angeles: Sun and Moon Press.

Barnes, Djuna 2016. Öömets. Tlk Krista Mits. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 11–13.

Blyn, Robin 2008. Nightwood’s freak dandies: Decadence in the 1930s. – Modernism/­modernity, kd 15, nr 3, lk 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.0.0004

Brennan, Teresa 2004. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Caselli, Daniela 2009. Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’s Bewildering Corpus. New York: Routledge.

Chisholm, Dianne 1997. Obscene modernism: Eros Noir and the profane illumination of Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 69, nr 1, lk 167–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928172

Cixous, Hélène 1972. The Exile of James Joyce. Tlk Sally A. J. Purcell. New York: David Lewis.

Clarke, Tim 2021. Morbid vitalism: Death, decadence, and spinozism in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth-Century Literature, kd 67, nr 2, lk 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-9084328

Cole, Merrill 2006. Backwards ventriloquy: The historical uncanny in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 52, nr 4, lk 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2006-1005

DeKoeven, Marianne 1989. Gendered doubleness and the “origins” of modernist form. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 8, nr 1, lk 19–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/463878

Downing, Lisa 2011. Notes on a proto-queer Rachilde: Decadence, deviance and (reverse) discourse in La Marquise de Sade. – Sexualities, kd 15, nr 1, lk 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711432093

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau 2014. “Virile thought”: Modernist maleness, poetic forms and practices. – Modernism and Masculinity. Toim Natalya Lusty, Julian Murphet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139097123.003

Frank, Joseph 1945. Spatial form in modern literature: An essay in two parts. – The Sewanee Review, kd 53, nr 1, lk 221–240; kd 53, nr 2, lk 433–456; kd 53, nr 4, lk 643–653.

Fuchs, Miriam 1993. Djuna Barnes and T. S. Eliot: Authority, resistance, and acquiescence. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 12, nr 2, lk 288–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/463931

Gallagher, Jean 2001. Vision and inversion in Nightwood. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 47, nr 2, lk 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2001.0023

Glavey, Brian 2009. Dazzling estrangement: Modernism, queer ekphrasis, and the spatial form of Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 124, nr 3, lk 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.749

Goody, Alex 2007. Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288300_2

Grigorjeva, Sveta 2022. Naised, taimed ja juurdumine maastikku. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 79–98.

Gutkin, Len 2014. Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and decadent style. – Literature Compass, kd 11, nr 6, lk 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12142

Hasselblatt, Cornelius 2016. Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu. (Heuremata. Humanitaarteaduslikke monograafiaid.) Tlk Mari Tarvas, Maris Saagpakk, Ave Mattheus. Tallinn–Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heise, Thomas 2009. Degenerate Sex and the City: Djuna Barnes’s urban under­world. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 55, nr 3, lk 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2009-4004

Herring, Phillip F. 1995. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Penguin Books.

Herring, Scott 2007. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226327921.001.0001

Hinrikus, Rutt 1998. Reed Morni tee ja tõde. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 521–534; nr 9, lk 622–634.

Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael 2016. Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jonsson, AnnKatrin 2005. Nightwood and the limits of representation. – Textual Ethics ­Studies, or: Locating Ethics. (Critical Studies 26.) Toim Anna Fahreaus, A. Jonsson. ­Leiden: Brill, lk 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202046_017

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Lamos, Colleen R. 2017. The men of 1914. – The Cambridge History of Modernism. Toim Vincent Sherry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139540902.030

Lauretis, Teresa de 2008. Freud’s Drive: Psychoanalysis, Literature and Film. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lepsoo, Tanel 2020. Mediated world and attention crisis: Unhappy consciousness a hundred years ago. – Interlitteraria, kd 25, nr 1, lk 110–123. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2020.25.1.11

Marling, Raili; Talviste, Eret 2022. Võõristusest läheduseni. Kehad ja meeled Emil Tode „Raadios”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 387–403. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk773a1

Massumi, Brian 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.

McGuigan, John 2009. Against the “Foetus of Symmetry”: Sur-Realism and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood. – The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, kd 41, nr 2, lk 18–43.

Morn, Reed 2008. Andekas parasiit. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Nirk, Endel 1985. Avardumine. Vaatlusi eesti romaani arenguteelt. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Oras, Ants 1939. Naiskirjanikest mujal ja meil. – Looming, nr 6, lk 659–663; nr 7, lk 735–741.

Ryan, Derek 2015. Virginia Woolf and the Materiality of Theory: Sex, Animal, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Seitler, Dana 2001. Down on all fours: Atavistic perversions and the science of desire from Frank Norris to Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 73, nr 2, lk 525–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-73-3-525

Sherry, Vincent 2014. Modernism and the Reinvention of Decadence. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139941570

Smith, Victoria L. 1999. A story beside(s) itself: The language of loss in Djuna Barnes’ ­Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 114, nr 2, lk 194–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/463391

Stevenson, Guy 2020. Diluting holy writ: From the ‘Men of 1914’ to the beat generation. – ­Textual Practice, kd 34, nr 9, lk 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2020.1808300

Stewart, Kathleen 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822390404

Taylor, Julie 2012. Djuna Barnes and Affective Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748646760

Warren, Diana 2008. Djuna Barnes’ Consuming Fictions. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.

Watts, Kara; Hall, Molly Volanth; Hackett, Robin (toim) 2019. Affective Materialities: Reori­enting the Body in Modernist Literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056289.001.0001

Weir, David 2009. Decadent Culture in the United States. Albany: SUNY Press.

Keywords: translation history, translator studies, multipositionality, gender

The perspective of multipositionality as a means of taking a holistic approach to a person’s multiple lives, i.e. to their different professional fields of activity, has been used to a great effect in translation (including translator) studies. This article explores the feasibility of adapting this concept to the Estonian literary context by looking at the case of Marta Sillaots (1887–1969), known to the wider public mostly as a translator and critic. Less known is her work as a teacher, journalist, and an author of not just children’s stories, but of adult prose, too.

It was primarily the archival sources which demonstrated that Sillaots’ literary and non-literary activities at the start of her career, in the first decades of the 20th century, took several interrelated forms with transferred interests and shifting authority from one field of activity to another. An exploration of Sillaots’ multiple lives unveils a young woman’s professional literary aspirations in their complex, intertwined nature, and reveals her means of survival within the restrictions, conventions and limitations of the largely patriarchal early 20th century Estonian literary landscape.

 

Külliki Steinberg (b. 1970), MA, University of Tartu, Doctoral Student in Translation ­History and Translator Studies at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), kulliki.steinberg@ut.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 92, m 276:26. O/ü „Noor-Eesti” käsikirjad. Kirjad Marta Sillaots-Rannat’ilt. 06.09.1918–04.01.1938.

f 155, m 3:7. Marta Reichenbach’i kirjad Eduard Virgo’le. 22.05.1953–03.07.1954.

f 155, m 28:1. Eduard Virgo. „Tallinna Kaja” käsikirjad Marta Reichenbach’ilt (Marta Sillaots). 1915.

f 185, m 4:7. Karl August Hindrey. Marta Sillaots. 16.03.1936.

f 194, m 21:51. „Eesti Biograafiline Leksikon” (EBL). Marta Sillaots (Reichenbach). 11.03.1927–20.06.1928.

f 275, m 15:15. Marta Sillaots-Reichenbach’i kirjad Johannes Aavik’ule. 16.12.1912–23.10.1916.

 

Kirjandus

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Postimees 29. III (11. IV), lk 5.

Aavik, Johannes 1912. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Tallinna Teataja 11. (24.) IV, lk 2.

Aavik, Johannes 1913a. Õigekeelsuslikud arvustused. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 315–319.

Aavik, Johannes 1913b. Eesti õigekeelsuse ja keele ilu küsimus. Vastuseletuseks hra Jõge­verile. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 422–427.

Adson, Artur 2017. Siuru-raamat. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Dekker, Rudolf 2002. Jacquer Presser’s Heritage: Egodocuments in the Study of History. – Memoria y Civilización, nr 5, lk 13–37. https://doi.org/10.15581/001.5.33803

EBL 1926–1929 = Eesti biograafiline leksikon. (Akadeemilise Ajaloo-Seltsi toimetused II. Academicae Societatis Historicae scripta II. Estonia.) Peatoim A. R. Cederberg. Toim Henrik Koppel, Johan Kõpp, Andrus Saareste, Peeter Treiberg, Friedebert Tuglas, Richard Kleis. Tartu: K./Ü. Loodus.

Eisen, Matthias Johann 1914. Anderseni muinasjutud I. Eesti keelde Anna Haava. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 16–17.

Gielen, Katiliina 2012. Marta Sillaotsa eksplitsiitne ja implitsiitne tõlkepoeetika. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 104–117. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.571

Guzmán, María Constanza 2020. (re)Visiting the translator’s archive: Toward a genealogy of translation in the Americas. – Palimpsestes, nr 34, lk 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.5538

J. A. [Johannes Aavik] 1913. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Postimees 13. (26.) VI, lk 1–2.

Jürgenstein, Anton 1913. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 9, lk 345–347.

Kaal, Alma 1937. Mõnest iseloomulikust joonest Marta Sillaotsa tegevuses. (Tema 50-nda sünnipäeva puhul.) – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 227–234.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. Kõverpeeglist uute prillideni: soouurimus ja kirjandus. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–56.

Krusten, Reet 1967. Marta Sillaots kaheksakümnendal künnisel. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 295–297.

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Pilguheit ühe virga naise teele ja tööle. – O. Kruus, Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 171–183.

Kuningas, Oskar 1987. Mälestuspilte Marta Sillaotsast. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 309–312.

Kuurme, Tiiu 2011. Haridus, kasvatus ja sugupool. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 238–273.

Lange, Anne 2009. Otse predestineerit. – Tuna. Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, nr 3, lk 151–156.

Laos, Karl 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 198–201.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915a. Ei ole ja on. – Tallinna Kaja 26. IX, nr 38, lk 607–608.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915b. Lendur Tartus. – Tallinna Kaja 17. X, nr 41, lk 654–655.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915c. Kõiksugu ilma asjust, peaasjalikult Tartu asjust. – Tallinna Kaja 31. X, nr 43, lk 686–687.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915d. Austeli peal. – Tallinna Kaja 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 543.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915e. Lendur Tallinnas. – Tallinna Kaja 28. XI, nr 47, lk 752.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915f. Talve tulekul. – Tallinna Kaja 24. X, nr 42, lk 671–672.

Luiga, Juhan 1995. Noor-Suomi – Eesti. – J. Luiga, Mäss ja meelehaigus. (Eesti mõttelugu 1.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, lk 274–318.

Meylaerts, Reine 2013. The multiple lives of translators. – TTR (Traduction, terminologie, rédaction), kd 26, nr 2, lk 103–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037134ar

Mits, Krista 2012. Pilk ingliskeelse kirjanduse tõlgetele 18. sajandi lõpust 20. sajandi algus­veerandini. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 70–87. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.569

Möldre, Aile 2012. Ilukirjanduse tõlked 20. sajandi esimese poole Eesti ja Soome raamatu­toodangus (1900–1940). – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 88–103. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.570

Nora, Pierre 1996 [1984]. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Piibeleht, Tiit [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Luulelik potpourri. – Tallinna Kaja 15. VIII, nr 32, lk 506–509.

Raudsepp, Hugo 2013. Mait Metsanurk ja tema aeg. Ühe vaimsuse kroonika kaasaegse sulest. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Reichenbach, Marta 1912. L. Onerva. Murdjooned. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 36–39.

Saluäär, Anu 1987. Marta Sillaots 1887–1969. – Looming, nr 5, lk 672–681.

Saluäär, Anu 2009. Kirjutav eesti naine. – M. Sillaots, Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, lk 155–172.

Saluäär Anu 2013. Kirg ja kavalus? – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 63–65.

Schlager, Daniela 2021. Translator’s multipositionality, teloi and goals: The case of Harriet Martineau. – Literary Translator Studies. Toim Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, D. Schlager. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, lk 199–314. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.156.10sch

Sillaots, Marta 2009 [1939]. Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Sillaots, Marta 2012. Kirg ja kavalus. (Eesti mõttelugu 104.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

„Söömise-taidur” [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Söömisest. Vaatlused ja näpunäited. – Tallinna Kaja 10. X, nr 40, lk 637–639.

Sütiste, Elin 2012. Tõlkelugu ja kultuurimälu. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 152–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.574

Tammsaare, A. H. 1914. Midagi ilust ja „Anna Holmist”. – Vaba Sõna, nr 1, lk 39–42.

Teder, Eerik 1967. Marta Sillaots 80-aastane. – Looming, nr 5, lk 794–795.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti kirjandus 1921. – F. Tuglas, Kriitika IV. Tartu: Noor-Eesti Kirjastus, lk 162–223.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1986. Valik kirju. Koost August Eelmäe. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 1–2.

Wallace, Edgar 1915. Nelja kohus. – Tallinna Kaja 22. VIII, nr 33, lk 525–527; 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 538–541; 5. IX, nr 35, lk 557–559; 12. IX, nr 36, lk 566–569; 19. IX, nr 37, lk 588–591; 26. IX, nr 38, lk 602–607; 3. X, nr 39, lk 620–623; 10. X, nr 40, lk 634–636; 17. X, nr 41, lk 651–653; 24. X, nr 42, lk 669–671; 31. X, nr 43, lk 684–686; 7. XI, nr 44, lk 702–704; 14. XI, nr 45, lk 714–719; 21. XI, nr 46, lk 730–733; 28. XI, nr 47, lk 750–752; 5. XII, nr 48, lk 762–768.

Keyword: New Woman, literary decadence, melancholy, creativity, desire

This article analyzes Alma Ostra’s (1886–1960) literary debut, the novella “Aino” (1923), which carries an air of decadence combined with naturalistic elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the fin de siècle period, decadent aesthetics was a province mostly occupied by men. Several gender-sensitive cultural researchers have shown that the attitudes (such as elitism, individualism, colonialism) and imagery contained in these texts are misogynistic by nature. Building on this, feminist scholars have asked how the forms of decadent aesthetics employed by male authors of the time are reshaped in the texts by women authors, and whether and in which ways these transformations can be seen as feminist practice. Proceeding from these questions, this article explores how Ostra’s work reutilizes three interrelated tropes commonly found in decadent aesthetics: ambivalent melancholy, sexual desire, and creativity. The study reveals how the chosen affective states, characters, and ideas of decadence are employed in “Aino” to critique manifestations of patriarchy, such as double standards, rigid gender roles, and rape culture, whereas such criticism appears more laboured in texts by Ostra’s male colleagues, for example Tuglas and Aavik, with whom “Aino” engages in dialogue.

The decadent, ambivalent mode of expression is a dominant note in “Aino,” allowing, on the one hand, for the portrayal of disappointments associated with womanhood, and on the other hand, for expressions of enthusiasm, thereby representing aspects of the female experience in early 20th-century literature in a nuanced way. The central affect of melancholy depicted in the text triggers depression and creativity, disdain for love, as well as pleasurable, sexually charged scenes – elements that have largely been overlooked in other works of the period. The infusion of the naturalist trope of race – the deep psyche and affective nature of the human groups active in a particular region (nationality) – into Aino’s self-perception adds suggestiveness to the negative emotions caused by gender-based constraints. Ostra’s work portrays the double oppression experienced by Estonian female students of the time, both in rural and (academic) urban environments. The perception of women’s entrapment is balanced by descriptions of new forms of female subjectivity – such as the intensely imaginative female thinker-artist – pointing towards a more harmonious future, gender-wise, and a hopeful outlook for women. As such, “Aino” engages in a critical conversation with both the anti-feminist lines of thought that perpetuate women’s lack of creative capacity and independence, and the feminist theories of the first half of the 20th century, which emphasized women’s autonomy as well as the importance of their sexual fulfilment.

 

Merlin Kirikal (b. 1986), PhD, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Under and Tuglas Literature Centre, Senior Researcher (Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn), merlinkirikal@gmail.com

References

ARHIIVIALLIKAD

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 193, m 105:56. Eesti avalikkude tegelaste elulugude kogu. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

f 194, m 19:11. „Eesti biograafiline leksikon”. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

 

KIRJANDUS

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1923. Kirjandusest. Alma Ostra. Aino. – Postimees 21. II, lk 4.

Battersby, Christine 1989. Gender and Genius: Towards a Feminist Aesthetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350926790

Baudelaire, Charles 2010. 66 kurja lille. Koost Ain Kaalep, tlk A. Kaalep, August Sang, Märt Väljataga. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.

Belobrovtseva, Irina; Meimre, Aurika 2005. Peterburi tekst XX sajandi Eesti kirjanduses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 609–616.

Boyiopoulos, Kostas 2022. The decadent short story: Forms of the morbid. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.17

Bühler-Dietrich, Annette 2011. Contestations of normativity: Rereading nineteenth-century authors with current moral philosophy. – German Women’s Writing of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Future Directions in Feminist Criticism. Toim Helen Fronius, Anna Richards. New York: Legend, lk 140–154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093611-11

Cole, Richard 2015. Fear and precarious life after political representation in Baudelaire. – Modernism and Affect. Toim Julie Taylor. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, lk 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748693269-012

Condé, Alice 2022. Contemporary contexts: Decadence today and tomorrow.  – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.6

Constable, Liz; Potolsky, Matthew; Denisoff, Dennis 1999. Introduction. – Perennial Decay: On the Aesthetics and Politics of Decadence. Toim L. Constable, M. Potolsky, D. Denisoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, lk 1–34. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292480-001

Craske, Helen 2018. Desire and the demi-vierge: The impenetrable ideal in decadent fiction. – Dix-Neuf, kd 22, nr 1–2, lk 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2018.1476438

Desmarais, Jane; Condé, Alice 2017. Introduction. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim J. Desmarais, A. Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.6

Desmarais, Jane; Weir, David (toim) 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.001.0001

Dierkes-Thrun, Petra 2017. Decadent sensuality in Rachilde and Wilde. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim Jane Desmarais, Alice Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 51–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.9

Elo ja Friedebert Tuglas. Kirjad teineteisele 1917–1947. Koost August Eelmäe. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, 2001.

Felski, Rita 1995. The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036796

Flatley, Jonathan 2008. Affective Mappings: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Cambridge–London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036963

Friedman, Dustin 2021. “The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aesthet­icism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses. – Feminist Modernist Studies, kd 4, nr 2, lk 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950475

H. P. 1923. Kirjandus. Aino. Romaan. Alma Ostra. – Agu, nr 9, lk 286–288.

H. R. [Hugo Raudsepp] 1923. Aino. Alma Ostra romaani ilmumise puhul. – Vaba Maa 17. IV, lk 5–6.

Haug, Toomas 1987. Salakorterist linnavalitsusse. – Vikerkaar, nr 11, lk 66–69.

Hawthorne, Melanie 2022. The interwar period: Legacies of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.5

Higonnet, Margaret 1986. Speaking silences: Women’s suicide. – The Female Body in Western Culture. Contemporary Perspectives. Toim Susan Rubin Suleiman. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London, England: Harvard University Press, lk 68–83.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006a. J. Randvere „Ruth” ja Otto Weiningeri „Geschlecht und Charakter”. – J. Randvere „Ruth” 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse kultuuris. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 1.) Toim M. Hinrikus. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 145–169.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006b. Spleen the Estonian way: Estonian literary decadence in J. Randvere’s „Ruth” (1909), Friedebert Tuglas’ „Felix Ormusson” (1915), and A. H. Tammsaare’s novellas „Noored hinged” (1909) and „Kärbes” (1917). – Interlitteraria, nr 11, lk 305−321.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Decadent modernism and the imprint of Taine in Aino Kallas’ Young Estonia: Portraits and trajectories. – Aino Kallas, Negotiations with Modernity. Toim Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, lk 66–90.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2014. Ambivalentsest dekadentsist ja selle sümptomitest Paul Bourget’ ja Friedrich Nietzsche tekstides ning Friedebert Tuglase romaanis „Felix Ormusson”. –Autogenees ja ülekanne. Moodsa kultuuri kujunemine Eestis. (Collegium litterarum 25.) Koost Rein Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 199–236.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2015. Tammsaare’s constructions of femininity in light of Weininger’s concept of sex difference. – Journal of Baltic Studies, kd 46, nr 2, lk 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.981672

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2017. Kurja lillede lapsed. Sissejuhatus eesti dekadentlikku kunsti. – Kurja lillede lapsed. Eesti dekadentlik kunst. Toim M. Hinrikus, Lola Annabel Kass, Liis Pählapuu. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstimuuseum, lk 17–55.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2022. Autentsuse probleemid: tõu(sik)rahvuslus, sünteesid ja „Felix Ormusson”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Koost M. Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 267–332.

Hinrikus, Mirjam; Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Decadence as dynamism and mutability: The ­Nietzschean-Bergsonian imprint in the rarly works of A. H. Tammsaare and J. Semper. – Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, nr 100, lk 717−740.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hinrikus, Rutt 2011. Eesti naine, haridus ja „naisterahva küsimus” 20. sajandi alguses. – ENÜS 100. Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts. Vaated ajalukku. Tartu: ENÜS, lk 33–41.

Huddleston, Andrew 2022. Philosophy: Post-Kantian narratives of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.36

Huysmans, Joris-Karl 2013. Äraspidi. (Ajavaim.) Tlk Leena Tomasberg. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Jürgenstein, M. 1923. „Aino”. Alma Ostra. – Üliõpilasleht, nr 4, lk 58–59.

Kallas, Aino 1929. Ants Raudjalg. – A. Kallas, Kogutud teosed I. Mere tagant. Ants Raudjalg. Tlk Friedebert Tuglas. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kirjastus, lk 147–278.

Karjahärm, Toomas; Sirk, Väino 1997. Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Kirikal, Merlin 2021. Viriloid women and bodiless men: On modern sexualities in the oeuvre of Johannes Semper. – Interlitteraria, nr 2, lk 448–463. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2021.26.2.9

Kirss, Tiina 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid naisajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. „Uus naine” ja Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Seltsi algaastad. – Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts 100. Vaateid ajaloost. Toim T. Kirss, Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–44.

Kirss, Tiina 2015. Kui naised Bebelit lugesid. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 80–104.

Kivimäe, Sirje; Tamul, Sirje 1999. Naisüliõpilased Tartu Ülikoolis 1905–1918. – Vita academica, vita feminea. Koost S. Tamul. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 93–126.

Kollontai 1919 = Александра Коллонтaй, Новая женщина. – A. Коллонтай, Новая мораль и рабочий класс. Москва: Издательство ВЦИК, c. 3–35.

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. Doctoral Thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.

Lappalainen, Päivi 2007. The politics of naturalism: Women and fiction in the 1880s. – Women’s Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Toim P. Lappalainen, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 35–52.

Ledger, Sally 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press.

Lepp, Marta 2010 [1923]. 1905. aasta romantika, järellained, lõppvaatus. (Eesti mälu 18.) ­Tallinn: Eesti Päeva­leht.

Leppänen, Katarina 2008. Elin Wägner’s Alarm Clock: Ecofeminist Theory in the Interwar Era. Plymouth: Lexington Books.

Lind, Marianne 2018. Dekadentlik esteetika Jaan Oksa proosaloomingus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool.

Linde, Bernhard 1923. Toimetusele saadetud kiri. – Postimees 4. III, lk 5.

Lindsalu, Elo 2008. Naisekuju modelleerimine XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjanduses. Analüütiline ülevaade. (Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid.) ­Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Lukas, Liina 2004. New women baltisaksa kirjanduses. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 150–171.

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2003. The allure of decadence: French reflections in a Finnish looking glass. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siècle. (Studia Fennica Litteraria 1.) Toim P. Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, ­­lk 12–30. https://doi.org/10.21435/sflit.1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2020. Passions against the grain: Decadent emotions in Finnish wilderness. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 87–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-7

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2022. Nordic cultures: From wilderness to metropolitan decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.12

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020a. Decadence in Nordic literature: An overview. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 3–37. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020b. Preface. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk xvii–xviii. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Mahoney, Kristin 2019. Dainty malice: Ada Leverson and post-Victorian decadent feminism. – Decadence in the Age of Modernism. Toim Kate Hext, Alex Murray. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, lk 27–46.

Mahoney, Kristin 2022. The decadent novel: Generic inversions. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.16

Manne, Kate 2018. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. London: Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Mesch, Rachel 2006. The Hysteric’s Revenge: French Women Writers at the Fin de Siècle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Molarius, Päivi 2003. “Will the Human Race Degenerate?” The Individual, the Family and the Fearsome Spectre of Degeneracy in Finnish Literature of the late 19th and Early 20th Century. – Changing Scenes: Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 121–142.

Nietzsche, Friedrich 1996. Ecce homo. Kuidas saadakse selleks, mis ollakse. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Vagabund.

Offen, Karen M. 2000. European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162

Ostra, Alma 1923. Aino. Tallinn: Varrak.

Ostra, Alma 2016. Mälestised 1905. a. revolutsioonist. – 1905. aasta Eestis. Mälestused. Toim Toomas Karjahärm. Tallinn: Argo, lk 35–44.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2003. Free Love, Mystical Union or Prostitution? The Dissonant Love Stories of L. Onerva. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 54–84.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2014. Decadent New Woman (Un)Bound: Mimetic Strategies in L. Onerva’s Mirdja. [Doktoritöö.] University of Turku.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2019. Decadent New Woman’s ironic subversions: L. Onerva’s multi-layered irony. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 82−99.

Potolsky, Matthew 2021. Decadence and realism. – Victorian Literature and Culture, kd 49, nr 4, lk 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150320000248

Puik, Katrin 2022. Irooniast Friedebert Tuglase „Felix Ormussonis”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 60–79.

Pynsent, Robert B. 1989. Conclusory essay: Decadence, decay and innovation. – Decadence and Innovation. Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century. Toim R. Pynsent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, lk 111–248.

Randvere, J. 1980. Ruth. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 34–35. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Richardson, Angelique 2003. The life sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution”. – A Concise Companion to Modernism. Toim David Bradshaw. Malden–Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, lk 1–33.

Roelofs, Joan 2018. Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist feminism in theory and practice. – International Critical Thought, kd 8, nr 1, lk 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436

Roose, Arthur 1924. Eesti luule- ja proosatoodang 1923. – Päevalehe lisa 31. III, lk 102–104.

Rossi, Riikka 2019. Primitive passions and nostalgia for nature: Decadence and primitivism in Maria Jotuni’s Work. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 100–119.

Rønning, Anne Birgitte 2020. Decadence and female subjectivity in Dagny Juel’s prose poems. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 155–172.

Sakova, Aija 2005/2006. Eesti naise ühiskondlik-poliitiline ja perekondlik roll 1920ndate aastate alguses Emma Asson-Petersoni näitel. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 121–129.

Semper, Johannes 1914. Entusiasmi kultur (E. Verhaereni Venemaal viibimise puhuks). – Vaba Sõna, nr 2, lk 74–77.

Semper, Johannes 1926. Meie kirjanduse teed. – Looming, nr 7, lk 764–774.

Semper, Johannes 2013. Päevaraamatud. Toim Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Sengoopta, Chandak 2000. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press.

Showalter, Elaine 1993. Introduction. – Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin de Siècle. Toim E. Showalter. United Kingdom: Rutgers University Press, Virago Press, lk vii–xx.

Sillaots, Marta 1927. Neli „inimest ilma eluloota”. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 606–612.

Silverman, Debora L. 2018. Boundaries: Bourgeois Belgium and “tentacular” modern­ism. – Modern Intellectual History, kd 15, nr 1, lk 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244317000245

Snyder, Jane McIntosh 1998. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1978. Pikad sammud. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 2. kd. Jutustused (1907–1910). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 85–164.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1979. Kärbes. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 3. kd. Miniatuurid, jutustused, novellid (1909–1921). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 123–253.

Vakker, Triin 2012. Rahvusliku religiooni konstrueerimise katsed 1920.–1930. aastate Eestis – taara usk. – Mäetagused, nr 50, lk 175–198. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2012.50.vakker

Vardi, Sophia 1914. Esimesed tuuled. Tartu: Noor-Eesti.

Viljamaa, Piret; Hillermaa, Rita 2010. Naised Eesti parlamendis 1917–1940, 1992–2019. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.

Vuorikuru, Silja 2018. Maailma südames. Tlk Sirje Olesk. Tallinn: Varrak.

Weir, David 1995. Decadence and the Making of Modernism. Amherst: University of ­Massachusetts Press.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004a. Preface. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic Opening: Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk vii–xiv.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004b. Introduction. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic ­Opening. Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk 1–14.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004c. Towards a feminist genealogy of modernism: The narcissistic turn in Lou Andreas-Salomé and Edith Södergran. – Gender – Power – Text: Nordic Culture in the Twentieth Century. Toim Helena Forsås-Scott. Norwich: Norvik Press, lk 61–76.

PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.

Timonen, Senni (toim) 1980. Näin lauloi Larin Paraske. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Tvauri, Andres 2001. Muinas-Tartu. Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusloost. (Muinasaja teadus 10.) Tallinn–Tartu: Ajaloo Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli arheoloogia õppetool.

Valk, Ülo 1993. Kust tuli Ilmalind? Läänemeresoome loomisloo päritolust I–II. – Vikerkaar, nr 2, lk 21–29; nr 3, lk 61–66.

Van De Bogart, Willard G. 2014. The Giant Swing (Lo Ching Cha): Brahmanical origins and its significance to the religious culture of Thailand. – Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. Toim Pranee Liamputtong. Dordrecht: Springer, lk 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7244-1_2

Viidalepp, Richard 1936. Eesti muistsest kiigekultuurist. – Nädal Pildis, nr 10, lk 220–222.

Vissel, Anu 2002. Eestlaste kiigekultuur enne ja nüüd. – Mäetagused, nr 21, lk 7–84. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2002.21.kiik

Keywords: literature didactics, teaching poetry, basic psychological needs

In recent years, discussions about the modernization of literature education have gained prominence. However, there persists a lack of insight into the actual practices occurring in schools. From the perspective of poetry education, it is crucial to delve into the reality of how poetry is taught in Estonian schools. There is a dearth of information on which authors are being taught, how poetry is approached, and how students are supported in their reading. This article is the first to address these questions. It offers a comprehensive analysis that maps the position of poetry within Estonian schools and thus points to potential future scenarios concerning the societal role of poetry. It is worth noting that our research is not meant to examine the entirety of poetry education but specifically focuses on the treatment of poetry collections.

The study is based on a semi-structured survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, involving 84 literature teachers from across Estonia. The questions addressed the poetry works covered, preferred authors, approaches to poetry collections, and the challenges encountered in poetry education. These aspects were examined within the context of decades of research in poetry didactics.

Teachers report students’ limited appreciation for literature, infrequent reading habits, difficulties in grasping figurative language, and a restricted vocabulary. Furthermore, they highlight a lack of suitable teaching materials for poetry. Teachers acknowledge their own limited knowledge of poetry and poetry collections. This creates a cycle where teachers’ prior experiences with poetry collections hamper their enthusiasm for teaching, thus perpetuating the absence of a tradition. Contemporary and foreign poetry is frequently avoided. One-third of teachers fail to provide adequate support during independent reading. A significant portion of teachers concludes poetry collection instruction with creative projects.

This study reveals that poetry, particularly in the form of poetry collections, occupies a marginalized space in literature classrooms. Around a quarter of students complete their basic education without ever having read any poetry collections. Teachers grapple with a shortage of suitable teaching materials and require substantial support. Given these challenges, fostering an enhanced poetry education hinges on collaboration between literary studies and didactics to unlock the pedagogical-poetic potential of poetry and make it more visible. In summary, both teachers and poetry are in need of assistance, and this study underscores the challenges that underlie poetry instruction.

Marie Udam (b. 1991), MA, Narva Estonian School, literature and Estonian language teacher (Hariduse 3, 20307 Narva), marie.udam@nerg.ee

Joosep Susi (b. 1989), MA, Tallinn University, junior lecturer of Literature Didactics and Estonian Literature (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), jsusi@tlu.ee

Merilyn Meristo (b. 1975), PhD, Tallinn University, associate professor (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), merilyn.meristo@tlu.ee

References

Adamson, Ele 2015. Luule õpetamine gümnaasiumis: kirjandusõpetajate pedagoogilised arusaamad ja metoodilised lähenemised. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeele­teaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/47092?show=full

Belle, Crystal 2016. Don’t believe the hype: Hip-hop literacies and English education. – Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, kd 60, nr 3, lk 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.574

Benton, Michael 1978. Poetry for children: a neglected art. – Children’s Literature in Education, kd 9, nr 3, lk 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01142921

Benton, Peter 1986. Pupil, Teacher, Poem. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Benton, Peter 2000. The conveyor belt curriculum? Poetry teaching in the secondary school II. – Oxford Review of Education, kd 26, nr 1, lk 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/030549800103872

Bryer, Theo; Lindsay, Morlette; Wilson, Rebecca 2014. A take on a Gothic poem: Tablet film-making and literary texts. – Changing English, kd 21, nr 3, lk 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2014.929284

Coles, Jane; Bryer, Theo 2018. Reading as enactment: transforming Beowulf through drama, film and computer game. – English in Education, kd 52, nr 1, lk 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2018.1414419

Creely, Edwin 2019. “Poetry is dying”: creating a (re)new(ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. – Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, kd 42, nr 2, lk 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03652031

Culler, Jonathan 2017. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press.

Dahlbäck, Katharina; Lyngfelt, Anna; Bengtsdotter Katz, Viktoria 2018. Views of poetry as a competence expressed by students in teacher education. – Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, kd 15, lk 101–119. https://doi.org/10.12775/ths.2018.007

Deci, Richard M; Ryan, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. – American Psychologist, kd 55, nr 1, lk 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Delchamps, Vivian 2018. Teaching poetry through dance. – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim Sandra Lee Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_3

Dressman, Mark 2015. The paradox of poetry education. – The Routledge International Hand­book of the Arts and Education. Abingdon–New York: Routledge, lk 203–211.

Farber, Jerry 2015. On not betraying poetry. – Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, kd 15, nr 2, lk 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1215/15314200-2844985

GRÕK 2023 = Gümnaasiumi riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 6. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_gym_lisa1.pdf#

Haramija, Dragica; Batič, Janja 2018. The role of illustration in interpreting a multi­modal literary text. – The New Educational Review, kd 52, nr 2, lk 195–205. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2018.52.2.15

Hennoste, Tiit 1997. Kaanon. Kaanan. – Vikerkaar, nr 12, lk 59–70.

Höglund, Heidi 2017. Video Poetry: Negotiating Literary Interpretations. Students Multi­modal Designing in Response to Literature. [Doktoritöö.] Åbo Akademi University.

Jusslin, Sofia; Höglund, Heidi 2021. Entanglements of dance/poetry: Creative dance in students’ poetry reading and writing. – Research in Dance Education, kd 22, nr 3, lk 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2020.1789088

Kalamees-Ruubel, Katrin 2014. Eesti keele ja kirjandusõpetuse roll eesti õppekeelega üld­hariduskooli õppekavas 1917–2014. Ajaloolis-analüütiline käsitlus. (Tallinna Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste dissertatsioonid 80.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, kasvatusteaduste instituut. https://www.etera.ee/zoom/1943/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info

Kivi, Kersti 2017. Luule käsitlemise võimalusi põhikooli II astmes. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kleppe, Sandra Lee 2018. Teaching poetry with painting: “Why do yo thus devise evil against her?” – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim S. L. Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_5

Kovalik, Kate; Curwood, Jen Scott 2019. #poetryisnotdead: understanding Instagram poetry within a transliteracies framework. – Literacy, kd 53, nr 4, lk 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12186

Kullo, Katrin 2021. Kooliraamatukogude varustatuse mõju ilukirjandusteoste valikule ja käsitlus­viisidele kirjandusõpetuses. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kumar, Tracey 2018. The battle for rap: Problems and possibilities in teacher education. – Teaching Education, kd 29, nr 2, lk 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1377695

Lantolf, James P.; Poehner, Matthew E. 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813850

Lotman, Juri 2006. Kunstilise teksti struktuur. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Pärt Lias. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Merilai, Arne 2004. Kooli kirjandusõpetusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 610–615.

Meyer, Oliver; Coyle, Do 2017. Pluriliteracies teaching for learning: conceptualizing progression for deeper learning in literacies development. – European Journal of Applied Linguistics, kd 5, nr 2, lk 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0006

Nool, Kerli 2021. Luulekogu käsitlemine 6. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Org, Andrus 2000. Luule õpetamise metoodika gümnaasiumis. Õpetajakoolituse lõputöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti kirjanduse ja teatriteaduse õppetool.

Paasik, Merli 2013. Luulekogu õpetamise võimalusi põhikooli kirjandustunnis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/31440

Palk, Eliise 2020. Algajate eesti keele ja kirjanduse õpetajate töökoormus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Palmiste, Tiia 2021. Hiiumaaga seotud luuletajate ja nende luulekogude käsitlus põhikoolis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeeleteatuse instituut.

Pieper, Irene 2020. L1 Education and the place of literature. – Rethinking L1 Education on a Global Era: Understanding the (Post-) National L1 Subjects in New and Difficult Times. Toim Bill Green, Per-Olof Erixon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, lk 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55997-7_6

Poetry in Schools: A Survey of Practice 2006/2007. London: Ofsted.

PRÕK 2023 = Põhikooli riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 1. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_pohi_lisa1.pdf#

Päll, Kristiane 2023. Räpptekstide käsitlemine 8. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Řeřichová, Vlasta; Vala, Jaroslav; Sladová, Jana 2014. Poetry in school – the old issues and new challenges. – e-Pedagogium, kd 14, nr 4, lk 127–139. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2014.048

Rosenblatt, Louise M. 1978. The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of Literary Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Salm, Kaisa 2012. Kujundlikkuse käsitlemine eesti keele ja kirjanduse õppematerjalides põhikooli III astmes. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/35309

Sigvardsson, Anna 2017. Teaching poetry reading in secondary education: Findings from a systematic literature review. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 61, nr 5, lk 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1172503

Sigvardsson, Anna 2020. Don’t fear poetry! Secondary teachers’ key strategies for engaging pupils with poetic texts. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 64, nr 6, lk 953–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1650823

Simecek, Karen; Rumbold, Kate 2016. The uses of poetry. – Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, kd 23, nr 4, lk 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2016.1230300

Sulkunen, Sari; Arffman, Inga 2010. Key element No 4: Choosing engaging reading materials. – ADORE – Teaching Struggling Adolescent Readers in European Countries. Toim Christine Garbe, Karl Holle, Svantje Weinhold. Frankfurt am Main–Berlin–Bern–Bruxelles–New York–Oxford–Wien: Peter Lang, lk 102–113.

Susi, Joosep; Org, Andrus 2023. Praegused noored õpivad tiu-tiu! teisiti. – Sirp 6. I, lk 29–31.

Säre, Egle 2021. Arutelu kui õppemeetod vajab taasavastamist. – Õpetajate Leht 19. III, lk 7.

Talviste, Katre 2019. Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos. – Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis, nr 4, lk 32−55. https://doi.org/10.22601/PET.2019.04.02

Vaino, Maarja 2023. Kirjandusõpe nõukogude koolis. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1–2, lk 240–254. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk782a13

Vapper, Mari 2018. Õpilaste valitud kirjandusteoste osakaal ja tähendus põhikooli II–III astme kirjandustundides. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Wandera, David B. 2016. Teaching poetry through collaborative art: an analysis of multi­modal ensembles for transformative learning. – Journal of Transformative Education, kd 14, nr 4, lk 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344616650749

Weaven, Mary; Clark, Tom 2013. “I guess it scares us” – Teachers discuss the teaching of poetry in senior secondary English. – English in Education, kd 47, nr 3, lk 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eie.12016

Xerri, Daniel 2012. Poetry teaching and multimodality: theory into practice. – Creative Education, kd 3, nr 4, lk 507–512. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34077

Young, Alice Mary 2016. High school English teachers’ experiences with poetry pedagogy. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.

Keywords: Verb Second (V2), language contact, language history, Germanic ­languages, prosody, corpus study

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies – a synchronic and a diachronic one – that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives.

The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses.

The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order.

 

Heete Sahkai (b. 1972), PhD, Institute of the Estonian Language, Senior Researcher (Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn), heete.sahkai@eki.ee

Anne Tamm (b. 1968), PhD habil., Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Associate Professor (Reviczky u. 4, 1088 Budapest), tamm.anne@kre.hu

Anders Holmberg (b. 1951), PhD, Newcastle University, School of English Literature, Language, and Linguistics, Emeritus Professor (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU), anders.holmberg@newcastle.ac.uk

Keywords: Estonian poetry, Artur Alliksaar, rhyme, alliteration, sound and meaning

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art – the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923–1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabic-accentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works.

The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar’s poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes.

The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference.

 

Rebekka Lotman (b. 1978), PhD, University of Tartu, Institute of Cultural Research, Associate Professor of World Literature (Ülikooli 16, 51003 Tartu), rebekka.lotman@ut.ee

Maria-Kristiina Lotman (b. 1974), PhD, University of Tartu, Associate Professor of Classical Philology (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), maria.lotman@ut.ee

Mihhail Lotman (b. 1952), PhD, University of Tartu, Visiting Professor of Semiotics (Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu), mihhail.lotman@ut.ee

Keywords: Yelena Skulskaya, Andrei Ivanov, identity

Contemporary methodologies increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity. In the social sciences, mass culture and literature are gaining attention as new sources of knowledge. Looking at literature through the lens of the new methodological frameworks allows for a more comprehensive study of identities and their evolution. This article applies a new methodology of studying the national identity, developed by Ted Hopf and Bentley Allan in the framework of the project Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database, which makes it possible to examine the emergence and persistence of the concept of “a Russian from Russia” as “the Other” in the identity discourse of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia after the restoration of Estonian independence. The first part of this article focuses on identifying the initial stages of the formation of this idea in Estonian Russian-language magazines that covered literature and social issues – Tallinn and Raduga. The second part analyzes the works of the two most popular and well-known Russian-speaking authors – Yelena Skulskaya and Andrei Ivanov. The analysis in complemented by interviews with the writers and references to the works of other Russian-speaking authors.

 

Elena Pavlova (b. 1975), PhD, University of Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, Research Fellow (Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu), ­elena.pavlova@ut.ee

Keywords: nationalism, transnational feminist modernism, Estonian literature, women’s writing, comparative literature

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

 

Eret Talviste (b. 1991), PhD, University of Tartu, College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Researcher of Contemporary English ­Literature (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), eret.talviste@ut.ee

 

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 245 – Friedebert Tuglas

 

Kirjandus

A. K. 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Naise teoseist kaovad poos, šest ja sädistamine alles pärast viiekümnendat eluaastat. – Vaba Maa 16. V, lk 8.

Aele, A. 1934. Noore naiskirjaniku naiselik romaan. – Sakala Pühapäev 22. XII, lk 3.

Annuk, Eve 2021. Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses „Liina” (1877). – Mäetagused, nr 81, lk 45−64. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.81.annuk

Annuk, Eve 2023. Naisproosakirjanikud kultuuriloos ja tänapäeva eesti kultuuriteadvuses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 755–774.

Annus, Epp 2017. Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226583

Berman, Jessica 2012. Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics, and Transnational Modern­ism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Berman, Jessica 2018. Practicing transnational feminist recovery today. – Feminist Modern­ist Studies, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2017.1382968

Doyle, Laura 2009. Toward a philosophy of transnationalism. – Journal of Transnational American Studies, kd 1, nr 1, lk 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5070/T811006941

Fernald, Anne E. 2013. Women’s fiction, new modernist studies, and feminism. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 59, nr 2, lk 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0024

Friedman, Susan Stanford 2001. Feminism, state fictions and violence: gender, geo­politics and transnationalism. – Communal/Plural, kd 9, nr 1, lk 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13207870124583

Hartman, Saidiya 2008. Venus in two acts. – Small Axe, kd 12, nr 26, lk 1–14.

Hennoste, Tiit 2016. Eesti kirjanduslik avangard 20. sajandi algul. Hüpped modernismi poole I. (Heuremata.) Tartu–Tallinn: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heywood, Andrew 2017. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

Hiiemäe, Sirly 2006. Naiskarakterid Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Soomustüdruk”. Bakalau­reusetöö. Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Dekadentlik modernsuskogemus A. H. Tammsaare ja nooreestlaste loomingus. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis ­Tartuensis 10.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hirsch, Marianne 2018. Feminist Archives of Possibility. – Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, kd 29, nr 1, lk 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-6681696

James, David; Seshagiri, Urmila 2014. Metamodernism: Narratives of Continuity and ­Revolution. – PMLA, kd 129, nr 1, lk 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.87

Kaljundi, Linda 2022. Decolonise that – Estonian identity as indigenous and/or white. – A Shade Colder, nr 1, https://www.ashadecolder.com/decolonise-that-estonian-identity-as-indigenous-and-or-white

Karro, Piret 2022. 150 aastat Eesti feminismi. – Vikerkaar, nr 4, lk 57–112.

Kenk, Kaire 2015. Unustusse vajunud. – Elu Lood. Eesti Naise kvartalilisa, nr 13, lk 20–27.

Kibuvits, Leida 1941. Vanad kirsipuud. – L. Kibuvits, Sipelgaõli. Tartu: RK Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, lk 79–105.

Kibuvits, Leida 1962. Orfeus II. – L. Kibuvits, Elagu inimene! Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 86–107.

Kibuvits, Leida 2003. Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Kibuvits, Leida 2022. Ladybirdred. Tlk Eret Talviste. – The Fortnightly Review, nr 2, https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2023/02/kibuvits-ladybirdred/

Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Pygmalioni ja Narkissose moodsad ümberkirjutused. Tuglase „Felix Ormusson” ja Semperi „Hiina kett”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 80–112.

Kirss, Tiina Ann 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid nais­ajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kivimaa, Katrin 2003. Nationalism, Gender and Cultural Identities: The Case of Estonian Art from the Impact of Modernity to the Post-Soviet Era 1850–2000. Leeds: University of Leeds.

Koobak, Redi; Marling, Raili 2014. The decolonial challenge: framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies. – European Journal of Women’s Studies, kd 21, nr 4, lk 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814542882

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis Tartuensis 6.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Kuznetski, Julia; Tüür, Kadri 2022. Estonian literature and ecofeminism. – The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Toim Douglas A. Vakoch. London: Routledge, lk 233–243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195610

Liivamets, Maire 2003. Mõned mõtted raamatu mõistmiseks. – Leida Kibuvits, Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 301–304.

Lindsalu, Elo 2009. Kes oli paradiisi perenaine? Naiskunstniku problemaatikast Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Paradiisi pärisperenaine”. – Looming, nr 7, lk 973–982.

Lykke, Nina 2010. Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge.

Mao, Douglas; Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2008. The new modernist studies. – PMLA, kd 123, nr 3, lk 737–748.

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Marling, Raili; Koobak, Redi 2017. Intersections of feminisms and neoliberalism: post-state-socialist Estonia in a transnational feminist framework. – Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, kd 38, nr 3, lk 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0001

McGiff, Shilo Rae 2018. „Out of the Heart of Spring”: Virginia Woolf and the Changing Shapes of Pastoral 1928-1938. Ithaca: Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.7298/waxh-c171

Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen J. (toim) 2020. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242356

Ojam, Indrek 2018. Modernismi muutuv tähendus eesti kirjanduskultuuris. Rekonstrueerimiskatse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 541–559. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk728a2

Pachmanová, Martina 2010. In? Out? In between? Some notes on the invisibility of a nascent Eastern European feminist and gender discourse in contemporary art theory. – Gender Check: A Reader. Art and Theory in Eastern Europe since the 1960s. Toim Bojana Pejic. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, lk 37–49.

Põldsaar, Raili 2008. The Baltic States. – Bonnie G. Smith (toim), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-80

Rojola, Lea 2009. „Ja ta tundis himu rääkida.” Aino Kallas, Maie Merits ja naiste hääl. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 746–757.

Saint-Amour, Paul K. 2018. Weak theory, weak modernism. – Modernism/Modernity, kd 25, nr 3, lk 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0035

Seaber, Luke; Shallcross, Michael 2019. The trouble with modernism: a dialogue. – The Modernist Review, nr 10. https://modernistreviewcouk.wordpress.com/2019/06/28/the-trouble-with-modernism/

Scott, Bonnie Kime 1990. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Soovik, Ene-Reet 2022. Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 29, lk 92–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v23i29.19033

Suchland, Jennifer 2011. Is postsocialism transnational? – Signs: Journal of Women in ­Culture and Society, kd 36, nr 4, lk 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/658899

Suburg, Lilli 1877. Liina. Ühe Eesti tütarlapse elulugu, temast enesest jutustatud. Tartu: ­Schnakenburg.

Talivee, Elle-Mari 2023. Looduskultuuri mur(d)epunkte. Meie antropotseen. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 267–285. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk783a1

Talviste, Eret 2021. Eestlus, naiste roll ja elu kui selline. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanist „Rahusõit”. – Looming, nr 6, lk 804−814.

Talviste, Eret 2022. Thoughts on peace during a train ride: Rethinking patriotism with ­Virginia Woolf and Leida Kibuvits. – Virginia Woolf Miscellany, nr 99, lk 18–20. https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2022/12/vwm99spring-fall2022-final-version.pdf

Tammsaare, A. H. 1981. Tõde ja õigus I. Kogutud teosed, 6. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Tlostanova, Madina 2012. Postsocialist ≠ postcolonial? On post-Soviet imaginary and global coloniality. – Journal of Postcolonial Writing, kd 48, nr 2, lk 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.658244

Tuglas, Friedebert 1933. Eesti romaan 1932. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 49–61.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti romaan 1934. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 109–126.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Manglus Sepapoeg. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 476–479.

Tüür, Kadri 2023. Naine kirjutab lindudest. Ökofeministlik ekskurss eesti looduskirjandusse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 847–872.

Uustalu, Linda 1985. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanimaailm. – Looming, nr 10, lk 1419–1423.

Vaino, Maarja 2012. Rist ja rõõm. Lisandusi Leida Kibuvitsa eluloole. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 755–767. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk659a3

Varrak, Toomas 2000. Estonia: crisis and ’pre-emptive’ authoritarianism. – Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Jeremy Mitchell (toim), Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–39: Systematic Case Studies. London–New York: Springer, lk 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774_5

Veski, Liisi 2023. Towards stronger national unity: statist ideas in Estonian nationalism during the “Era of Silence” (1934–1940). – Journal of Baltic Studies, lk 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2190991

Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2016. Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time. – Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, kd 18, nr 5, lk 748–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1173961

Woolf, Virginia 1992. A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. Toimetanud ja eessõna kirjutanud Morag Shiach. (Oxford World’s Classics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, Virginia 2011. Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid. – V. Woolf, The Essays of Virginia Woolf. Vol. 6: 1933–1941. Toim Stuart N. Clarke. London: Hogarth Press, lk 242–248.

Keywords: affect, modernist literature, gender, sexuality, Djuna Barnes, Reed Morn

This article focuses on American writer Djuna Barnes’s novel “Nightwood” (1936) and Estonian writer Reed Morn’s novel “The Talented Parasite” (Andekas parasiit, 1927). Specifically, the article analyses how the two novels represent bodies, affects and materiality, relying on the notion of affective modernism (Taylor 2012). English-language modernist texts have been frequently portrayed as aiming for impersonality and the rejection of emotions and sentiment. Authors like Julie Taylor have challenged this assumption, demonstrating the presence of emotions, drives and sensations in modernist texts. New research on modernism has shown modernist texts both portraying and theorizing bodies (Watts et al. 2019), discussing the relationship between the human and the non-human (Ryan 2015) as well as the Anthropocene (Adkins 2022). This article focuses on affects and senses, in particular the way affects move between bodies, being simultaneously creative and disruptive (Taylor 2012: 1). Both authors analyzed here employ affective ambivalence (Taylor 2012: 2). The article uses Tim Clarke’s (2021) concept of morbid vitalism to analyse how the two novels engage with a central problem of modernity: how to live in the context of despair. This question is viewed from a gendered perspective. The article builds on Taylor’s and Clarke’s analysis of Barnes, enriching their interpretations with insights from other scholars to bring the notion of affective modernism into the study of Estonian literature.

The analysis shows that Barnes’s novel provides an excellent example of morbid vitalism, showing recognizable affective tensions between life and death, felt especially keenly in the social margins where gender trouble does not permit characters to identify with normative social fantasies. Marginality becomes a privilege that permits the characters to see the contradictions in ideologies promising coherent subjecthood and to create modes of being that are oriented towards death while remaining open to the presence of others. The morbidity of Morn’s novel does not come to a similar understanding of affects and embodiment or embrace the vital potential of morbidity. “Nightwood” challenges the binary gender system, while “The Talented Parasite” fails to break out of the culturally prescribed internalized misogyny.

However, both novels test the boundaries of affective modernism. Women writers faced the especially difficult task of finding ways of writing about bodies and emotions without being criticized for dated sentimentality. Both texts provide new modes of affective writing, in which the body is present in the text, but not subjected to stereotypical emotional regimes. Barnes is bolder in her project. Morn, despite the pessimism of her final conclusion, addresses the same range of questions about representing the affects created by living outside of social expectation. Barnes does not grant a happy ending to her freak dandies, but affords them considerable vitality. Morn’s conclusion is pessimistic: the marginal can escape only into death. Both novels pose the question of how to live with despair and both conclude that the only answer can be found in affective ambivalence.

 

Raili Marling (b. 1973), PhD, University of Tartu, Professor of English Studies (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), raili.marling@ut.ee

References

Adkins, Peter 2022. The Modernist Anthropocene: Nonhuman Life and Planetary Change in James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes. (Edinburgh Critical Studies in Modernist Culture.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474481984

Ahmed, Sara 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bair, Deidre 1995. Anaïs Nin: A Biograhy. New York: Putnam.

Barnes, Djuna 1985. Interviews. Toim Alyce Barry, Douglas Messerli. Los Angeles: Sun and Moon Press.

Barnes, Djuna 2016. Öömets. Tlk Krista Mits. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 11–13.

Blyn, Robin 2008. Nightwood’s freak dandies: Decadence in the 1930s. – Modernism/­modernity, kd 15, nr 3, lk 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.0.0004

Brennan, Teresa 2004. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Caselli, Daniela 2009. Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’s Bewildering Corpus. New York: Routledge.

Chisholm, Dianne 1997. Obscene modernism: Eros Noir and the profane illumination of Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 69, nr 1, lk 167–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928172

Cixous, Hélène 1972. The Exile of James Joyce. Tlk Sally A. J. Purcell. New York: David Lewis.

Clarke, Tim 2021. Morbid vitalism: Death, decadence, and spinozism in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth-Century Literature, kd 67, nr 2, lk 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-9084328

Cole, Merrill 2006. Backwards ventriloquy: The historical uncanny in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 52, nr 4, lk 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2006-1005

DeKoeven, Marianne 1989. Gendered doubleness and the “origins” of modernist form. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 8, nr 1, lk 19–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/463878

Downing, Lisa 2011. Notes on a proto-queer Rachilde: Decadence, deviance and (reverse) discourse in La Marquise de Sade. – Sexualities, kd 15, nr 1, lk 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711432093

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau 2014. “Virile thought”: Modernist maleness, poetic forms and practices. – Modernism and Masculinity. Toim Natalya Lusty, Julian Murphet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139097123.003

Frank, Joseph 1945. Spatial form in modern literature: An essay in two parts. – The Sewanee Review, kd 53, nr 1, lk 221–240; kd 53, nr 2, lk 433–456; kd 53, nr 4, lk 643–653.

Fuchs, Miriam 1993. Djuna Barnes and T. S. Eliot: Authority, resistance, and acquiescence. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 12, nr 2, lk 288–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/463931

Gallagher, Jean 2001. Vision and inversion in Nightwood. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 47, nr 2, lk 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2001.0023

Glavey, Brian 2009. Dazzling estrangement: Modernism, queer ekphrasis, and the spatial form of Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 124, nr 3, lk 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.749

Goody, Alex 2007. Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288300_2

Grigorjeva, Sveta 2022. Naised, taimed ja juurdumine maastikku. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 79–98.

Gutkin, Len 2014. Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and decadent style. – Literature Compass, kd 11, nr 6, lk 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12142

Hasselblatt, Cornelius 2016. Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu. (Heuremata. Humanitaarteaduslikke monograafiaid.) Tlk Mari Tarvas, Maris Saagpakk, Ave Mattheus. Tallinn–Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heise, Thomas 2009. Degenerate Sex and the City: Djuna Barnes’s urban under­world. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 55, nr 3, lk 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2009-4004

Herring, Phillip F. 1995. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Penguin Books.

Herring, Scott 2007. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226327921.001.0001

Hinrikus, Rutt 1998. Reed Morni tee ja tõde. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 521–534; nr 9, lk 622–634.

Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael 2016. Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jonsson, AnnKatrin 2005. Nightwood and the limits of representation. – Textual Ethics ­Studies, or: Locating Ethics. (Critical Studies 26.) Toim Anna Fahreaus, A. Jonsson. ­Leiden: Brill, lk 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202046_017

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Lamos, Colleen R. 2017. The men of 1914. – The Cambridge History of Modernism. Toim Vincent Sherry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139540902.030

Lauretis, Teresa de 2008. Freud’s Drive: Psychoanalysis, Literature and Film. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lepsoo, Tanel 2020. Mediated world and attention crisis: Unhappy consciousness a hundred years ago. – Interlitteraria, kd 25, nr 1, lk 110–123. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2020.25.1.11

Marling, Raili; Talviste, Eret 2022. Võõristusest läheduseni. Kehad ja meeled Emil Tode „Raadios”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 387–403. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk773a1

Massumi, Brian 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.

McGuigan, John 2009. Against the “Foetus of Symmetry”: Sur-Realism and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood. – The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, kd 41, nr 2, lk 18–43.

Morn, Reed 2008. Andekas parasiit. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Nirk, Endel 1985. Avardumine. Vaatlusi eesti romaani arenguteelt. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Oras, Ants 1939. Naiskirjanikest mujal ja meil. – Looming, nr 6, lk 659–663; nr 7, lk 735–741.

Ryan, Derek 2015. Virginia Woolf and the Materiality of Theory: Sex, Animal, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Seitler, Dana 2001. Down on all fours: Atavistic perversions and the science of desire from Frank Norris to Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 73, nr 2, lk 525–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-73-3-525

Sherry, Vincent 2014. Modernism and the Reinvention of Decadence. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139941570

Smith, Victoria L. 1999. A story beside(s) itself: The language of loss in Djuna Barnes’ ­Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 114, nr 2, lk 194–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/463391

Stevenson, Guy 2020. Diluting holy writ: From the ‘Men of 1914’ to the beat generation. – ­Textual Practice, kd 34, nr 9, lk 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2020.1808300

Stewart, Kathleen 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822390404

Taylor, Julie 2012. Djuna Barnes and Affective Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748646760

Warren, Diana 2008. Djuna Barnes’ Consuming Fictions. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.

Watts, Kara; Hall, Molly Volanth; Hackett, Robin (toim) 2019. Affective Materialities: Reori­enting the Body in Modernist Literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056289.001.0001

Weir, David 2009. Decadent Culture in the United States. Albany: SUNY Press.

Keywords: translation history, translator studies, multipositionality, gender

The perspective of multipositionality as a means of taking a holistic approach to a person’s multiple lives, i.e. to their different professional fields of activity, has been used to a great effect in translation (including translator) studies. This article explores the feasibility of adapting this concept to the Estonian literary context by looking at the case of Marta Sillaots (1887–1969), known to the wider public mostly as a translator and critic. Less known is her work as a teacher, journalist, and an author of not just children’s stories, but of adult prose, too.

It was primarily the archival sources which demonstrated that Sillaots’ literary and non-literary activities at the start of her career, in the first decades of the 20th century, took several interrelated forms with transferred interests and shifting authority from one field of activity to another. An exploration of Sillaots’ multiple lives unveils a young woman’s professional literary aspirations in their complex, intertwined nature, and reveals her means of survival within the restrictions, conventions and limitations of the largely patriarchal early 20th century Estonian literary landscape.

 

Külliki Steinberg (b. 1970), MA, University of Tartu, Doctoral Student in Translation ­History and Translator Studies at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), kulliki.steinberg@ut.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 92, m 276:26. O/ü „Noor-Eesti” käsikirjad. Kirjad Marta Sillaots-Rannat’ilt. 06.09.1918–04.01.1938.

f 155, m 3:7. Marta Reichenbach’i kirjad Eduard Virgo’le. 22.05.1953–03.07.1954.

f 155, m 28:1. Eduard Virgo. „Tallinna Kaja” käsikirjad Marta Reichenbach’ilt (Marta Sillaots). 1915.

f 185, m 4:7. Karl August Hindrey. Marta Sillaots. 16.03.1936.

f 194, m 21:51. „Eesti Biograafiline Leksikon” (EBL). Marta Sillaots (Reichenbach). 11.03.1927–20.06.1928.

f 275, m 15:15. Marta Sillaots-Reichenbach’i kirjad Johannes Aavik’ule. 16.12.1912–23.10.1916.

 

Kirjandus

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Postimees 29. III (11. IV), lk 5.

Aavik, Johannes 1912. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Tallinna Teataja 11. (24.) IV, lk 2.

Aavik, Johannes 1913a. Õigekeelsuslikud arvustused. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 315–319.

Aavik, Johannes 1913b. Eesti õigekeelsuse ja keele ilu küsimus. Vastuseletuseks hra Jõge­verile. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 422–427.

Adson, Artur 2017. Siuru-raamat. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Dekker, Rudolf 2002. Jacquer Presser’s Heritage: Egodocuments in the Study of History. – Memoria y Civilización, nr 5, lk 13–37. https://doi.org/10.15581/001.5.33803

EBL 1926–1929 = Eesti biograafiline leksikon. (Akadeemilise Ajaloo-Seltsi toimetused II. Academicae Societatis Historicae scripta II. Estonia.) Peatoim A. R. Cederberg. Toim Henrik Koppel, Johan Kõpp, Andrus Saareste, Peeter Treiberg, Friedebert Tuglas, Richard Kleis. Tartu: K./Ü. Loodus.

Eisen, Matthias Johann 1914. Anderseni muinasjutud I. Eesti keelde Anna Haava. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 16–17.

Gielen, Katiliina 2012. Marta Sillaotsa eksplitsiitne ja implitsiitne tõlkepoeetika. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 104–117. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.571

Guzmán, María Constanza 2020. (re)Visiting the translator’s archive: Toward a genealogy of translation in the Americas. – Palimpsestes, nr 34, lk 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.5538

J. A. [Johannes Aavik] 1913. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Postimees 13. (26.) VI, lk 1–2.

Jürgenstein, Anton 1913. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 9, lk 345–347.

Kaal, Alma 1937. Mõnest iseloomulikust joonest Marta Sillaotsa tegevuses. (Tema 50-nda sünnipäeva puhul.) – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 227–234.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. Kõverpeeglist uute prillideni: soouurimus ja kirjandus. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–56.

Krusten, Reet 1967. Marta Sillaots kaheksakümnendal künnisel. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 295–297.

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Pilguheit ühe virga naise teele ja tööle. – O. Kruus, Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 171–183.

Kuningas, Oskar 1987. Mälestuspilte Marta Sillaotsast. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 309–312.

Kuurme, Tiiu 2011. Haridus, kasvatus ja sugupool. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 238–273.

Lange, Anne 2009. Otse predestineerit. – Tuna. Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, nr 3, lk 151–156.

Laos, Karl 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 198–201.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915a. Ei ole ja on. – Tallinna Kaja 26. IX, nr 38, lk 607–608.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915b. Lendur Tartus. – Tallinna Kaja 17. X, nr 41, lk 654–655.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915c. Kõiksugu ilma asjust, peaasjalikult Tartu asjust. – Tallinna Kaja 31. X, nr 43, lk 686–687.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915d. Austeli peal. – Tallinna Kaja 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 543.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915e. Lendur Tallinnas. – Tallinna Kaja 28. XI, nr 47, lk 752.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915f. Talve tulekul. – Tallinna Kaja 24. X, nr 42, lk 671–672.

Luiga, Juhan 1995. Noor-Suomi – Eesti. – J. Luiga, Mäss ja meelehaigus. (Eesti mõttelugu 1.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, lk 274–318.

Meylaerts, Reine 2013. The multiple lives of translators. – TTR (Traduction, terminologie, rédaction), kd 26, nr 2, lk 103–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037134ar

Mits, Krista 2012. Pilk ingliskeelse kirjanduse tõlgetele 18. sajandi lõpust 20. sajandi algus­veerandini. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 70–87. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.569

Möldre, Aile 2012. Ilukirjanduse tõlked 20. sajandi esimese poole Eesti ja Soome raamatu­toodangus (1900–1940). – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 88–103. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.570

Nora, Pierre 1996 [1984]. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Piibeleht, Tiit [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Luulelik potpourri. – Tallinna Kaja 15. VIII, nr 32, lk 506–509.

Raudsepp, Hugo 2013. Mait Metsanurk ja tema aeg. Ühe vaimsuse kroonika kaasaegse sulest. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Reichenbach, Marta 1912. L. Onerva. Murdjooned. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 36–39.

Saluäär, Anu 1987. Marta Sillaots 1887–1969. – Looming, nr 5, lk 672–681.

Saluäär, Anu 2009. Kirjutav eesti naine. – M. Sillaots, Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, lk 155–172.

Saluäär Anu 2013. Kirg ja kavalus? – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 63–65.

Schlager, Daniela 2021. Translator’s multipositionality, teloi and goals: The case of Harriet Martineau. – Literary Translator Studies. Toim Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, D. Schlager. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, lk 199–314. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.156.10sch

Sillaots, Marta 2009 [1939]. Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Sillaots, Marta 2012. Kirg ja kavalus. (Eesti mõttelugu 104.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

„Söömise-taidur” [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Söömisest. Vaatlused ja näpunäited. – Tallinna Kaja 10. X, nr 40, lk 637–639.

Sütiste, Elin 2012. Tõlkelugu ja kultuurimälu. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 152–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.574

Tammsaare, A. H. 1914. Midagi ilust ja „Anna Holmist”. – Vaba Sõna, nr 1, lk 39–42.

Teder, Eerik 1967. Marta Sillaots 80-aastane. – Looming, nr 5, lk 794–795.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti kirjandus 1921. – F. Tuglas, Kriitika IV. Tartu: Noor-Eesti Kirjastus, lk 162–223.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1986. Valik kirju. Koost August Eelmäe. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 1–2.

Wallace, Edgar 1915. Nelja kohus. – Tallinna Kaja 22. VIII, nr 33, lk 525–527; 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 538–541; 5. IX, nr 35, lk 557–559; 12. IX, nr 36, lk 566–569; 19. IX, nr 37, lk 588–591; 26. IX, nr 38, lk 602–607; 3. X, nr 39, lk 620–623; 10. X, nr 40, lk 634–636; 17. X, nr 41, lk 651–653; 24. X, nr 42, lk 669–671; 31. X, nr 43, lk 684–686; 7. XI, nr 44, lk 702–704; 14. XI, nr 45, lk 714–719; 21. XI, nr 46, lk 730–733; 28. XI, nr 47, lk 750–752; 5. XII, nr 48, lk 762–768.

Keyword: New Woman, literary decadence, melancholy, creativity, desire

This article analyzes Alma Ostra’s (1886–1960) literary debut, the novella “Aino” (1923), which carries an air of decadence combined with naturalistic elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the fin de siècle period, decadent aesthetics was a province mostly occupied by men. Several gender-sensitive cultural researchers have shown that the attitudes (such as elitism, individualism, colonialism) and imagery contained in these texts are misogynistic by nature. Building on this, feminist scholars have asked how the forms of decadent aesthetics employed by male authors of the time are reshaped in the texts by women authors, and whether and in which ways these transformations can be seen as feminist practice. Proceeding from these questions, this article explores how Ostra’s work reutilizes three interrelated tropes commonly found in decadent aesthetics: ambivalent melancholy, sexual desire, and creativity. The study reveals how the chosen affective states, characters, and ideas of decadence are employed in “Aino” to critique manifestations of patriarchy, such as double standards, rigid gender roles, and rape culture, whereas such criticism appears more laboured in texts by Ostra’s male colleagues, for example Tuglas and Aavik, with whom “Aino” engages in dialogue.

The decadent, ambivalent mode of expression is a dominant note in “Aino,” allowing, on the one hand, for the portrayal of disappointments associated with womanhood, and on the other hand, for expressions of enthusiasm, thereby representing aspects of the female experience in early 20th-century literature in a nuanced way. The central affect of melancholy depicted in the text triggers depression and creativity, disdain for love, as well as pleasurable, sexually charged scenes – elements that have largely been overlooked in other works of the period. The infusion of the naturalist trope of race – the deep psyche and affective nature of the human groups active in a particular region (nationality) – into Aino’s self-perception adds suggestiveness to the negative emotions caused by gender-based constraints. Ostra’s work portrays the double oppression experienced by Estonian female students of the time, both in rural and (academic) urban environments. The perception of women’s entrapment is balanced by descriptions of new forms of female subjectivity – such as the intensely imaginative female thinker-artist – pointing towards a more harmonious future, gender-wise, and a hopeful outlook for women. As such, “Aino” engages in a critical conversation with both the anti-feminist lines of thought that perpetuate women’s lack of creative capacity and independence, and the feminist theories of the first half of the 20th century, which emphasized women’s autonomy as well as the importance of their sexual fulfilment.

 

Merlin Kirikal (b. 1986), PhD, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Under and Tuglas Literature Centre, Senior Researcher (Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn), merlinkirikal@gmail.com

References

ARHIIVIALLIKAD

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 193, m 105:56. Eesti avalikkude tegelaste elulugude kogu. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

f 194, m 19:11. „Eesti biograafiline leksikon”. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

 

KIRJANDUS

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1923. Kirjandusest. Alma Ostra. Aino. – Postimees 21. II, lk 4.

Battersby, Christine 1989. Gender and Genius: Towards a Feminist Aesthetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350926790

Baudelaire, Charles 2010. 66 kurja lille. Koost Ain Kaalep, tlk A. Kaalep, August Sang, Märt Väljataga. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.

Belobrovtseva, Irina; Meimre, Aurika 2005. Peterburi tekst XX sajandi Eesti kirjanduses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 609–616.

Boyiopoulos, Kostas 2022. The decadent short story: Forms of the morbid. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.17

Bühler-Dietrich, Annette 2011. Contestations of normativity: Rereading nineteenth-century authors with current moral philosophy. – German Women’s Writing of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Future Directions in Feminist Criticism. Toim Helen Fronius, Anna Richards. New York: Legend, lk 140–154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093611-11

Cole, Richard 2015. Fear and precarious life after political representation in Baudelaire. – Modernism and Affect. Toim Julie Taylor. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, lk 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748693269-012

Condé, Alice 2022. Contemporary contexts: Decadence today and tomorrow.  – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.6

Constable, Liz; Potolsky, Matthew; Denisoff, Dennis 1999. Introduction. – Perennial Decay: On the Aesthetics and Politics of Decadence. Toim L. Constable, M. Potolsky, D. Denisoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, lk 1–34. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292480-001

Craske, Helen 2018. Desire and the demi-vierge: The impenetrable ideal in decadent fiction. – Dix-Neuf, kd 22, nr 1–2, lk 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2018.1476438

Desmarais, Jane; Condé, Alice 2017. Introduction. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim J. Desmarais, A. Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.6

Desmarais, Jane; Weir, David (toim) 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.001.0001

Dierkes-Thrun, Petra 2017. Decadent sensuality in Rachilde and Wilde. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim Jane Desmarais, Alice Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 51–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.9

Elo ja Friedebert Tuglas. Kirjad teineteisele 1917–1947. Koost August Eelmäe. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, 2001.

Felski, Rita 1995. The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036796

Flatley, Jonathan 2008. Affective Mappings: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Cambridge–London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036963

Friedman, Dustin 2021. “The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aesthet­icism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses. – Feminist Modernist Studies, kd 4, nr 2, lk 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950475

H. P. 1923. Kirjandus. Aino. Romaan. Alma Ostra. – Agu, nr 9, lk 286–288.

H. R. [Hugo Raudsepp] 1923. Aino. Alma Ostra romaani ilmumise puhul. – Vaba Maa 17. IV, lk 5–6.

Haug, Toomas 1987. Salakorterist linnavalitsusse. – Vikerkaar, nr 11, lk 66–69.

Hawthorne, Melanie 2022. The interwar period: Legacies of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.5

Higonnet, Margaret 1986. Speaking silences: Women’s suicide. – The Female Body in Western Culture. Contemporary Perspectives. Toim Susan Rubin Suleiman. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London, England: Harvard University Press, lk 68–83.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006a. J. Randvere „Ruth” ja Otto Weiningeri „Geschlecht und Charakter”. – J. Randvere „Ruth” 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse kultuuris. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 1.) Toim M. Hinrikus. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 145–169.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006b. Spleen the Estonian way: Estonian literary decadence in J. Randvere’s „Ruth” (1909), Friedebert Tuglas’ „Felix Ormusson” (1915), and A. H. Tammsaare’s novellas „Noored hinged” (1909) and „Kärbes” (1917). – Interlitteraria, nr 11, lk 305−321.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Decadent modernism and the imprint of Taine in Aino Kallas’ Young Estonia: Portraits and trajectories. – Aino Kallas, Negotiations with Modernity. Toim Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, lk 66–90.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2014. Ambivalentsest dekadentsist ja selle sümptomitest Paul Bourget’ ja Friedrich Nietzsche tekstides ning Friedebert Tuglase romaanis „Felix Ormusson”. –Autogenees ja ülekanne. Moodsa kultuuri kujunemine Eestis. (Collegium litterarum 25.) Koost Rein Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 199–236.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2015. Tammsaare’s constructions of femininity in light of Weininger’s concept of sex difference. – Journal of Baltic Studies, kd 46, nr 2, lk 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.981672

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2017. Kurja lillede lapsed. Sissejuhatus eesti dekadentlikku kunsti. – Kurja lillede lapsed. Eesti dekadentlik kunst. Toim M. Hinrikus, Lola Annabel Kass, Liis Pählapuu. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstimuuseum, lk 17–55.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2022. Autentsuse probleemid: tõu(sik)rahvuslus, sünteesid ja „Felix Ormusson”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Koost M. Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 267–332.

Hinrikus, Mirjam; Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Decadence as dynamism and mutability: The ­Nietzschean-Bergsonian imprint in the rarly works of A. H. Tammsaare and J. Semper. – Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, nr 100, lk 717−740.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hinrikus, Rutt 2011. Eesti naine, haridus ja „naisterahva küsimus” 20. sajandi alguses. – ENÜS 100. Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts. Vaated ajalukku. Tartu: ENÜS, lk 33–41.

Huddleston, Andrew 2022. Philosophy: Post-Kantian narratives of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.36

Huysmans, Joris-Karl 2013. Äraspidi. (Ajavaim.) Tlk Leena Tomasberg. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Jürgenstein, M. 1923. „Aino”. Alma Ostra. – Üliõpilasleht, nr 4, lk 58–59.

Kallas, Aino 1929. Ants Raudjalg. – A. Kallas, Kogutud teosed I. Mere tagant. Ants Raudjalg. Tlk Friedebert Tuglas. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kirjastus, lk 147–278.

Karjahärm, Toomas; Sirk, Väino 1997. Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Kirikal, Merlin 2021. Viriloid women and bodiless men: On modern sexualities in the oeuvre of Johannes Semper. – Interlitteraria, nr 2, lk 448–463. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2021.26.2.9

Kirss, Tiina 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid naisajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. „Uus naine” ja Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Seltsi algaastad. – Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts 100. Vaateid ajaloost. Toim T. Kirss, Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–44.

Kirss, Tiina 2015. Kui naised Bebelit lugesid. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 80–104.

Kivimäe, Sirje; Tamul, Sirje 1999. Naisüliõpilased Tartu Ülikoolis 1905–1918. – Vita academica, vita feminea. Koost S. Tamul. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 93–126.

Kollontai 1919 = Александра Коллонтaй, Новая женщина. – A. Коллонтай, Новая мораль и рабочий класс. Москва: Издательство ВЦИК, c. 3–35.

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. Doctoral Thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.

Lappalainen, Päivi 2007. The politics of naturalism: Women and fiction in the 1880s. – Women’s Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Toim P. Lappalainen, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 35–52.

Ledger, Sally 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press.

Lepp, Marta 2010 [1923]. 1905. aasta romantika, järellained, lõppvaatus. (Eesti mälu 18.) ­Tallinn: Eesti Päeva­leht.

Leppänen, Katarina 2008. Elin Wägner’s Alarm Clock: Ecofeminist Theory in the Interwar Era. Plymouth: Lexington Books.

Lind, Marianne 2018. Dekadentlik esteetika Jaan Oksa proosaloomingus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool.

Linde, Bernhard 1923. Toimetusele saadetud kiri. – Postimees 4. III, lk 5.

Lindsalu, Elo 2008. Naisekuju modelleerimine XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjanduses. Analüütiline ülevaade. (Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid.) ­Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Lukas, Liina 2004. New women baltisaksa kirjanduses. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 150–171.

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2003. The allure of decadence: French reflections in a Finnish looking glass. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siècle. (Studia Fennica Litteraria 1.) Toim P. Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, ­­lk 12–30. https://doi.org/10.21435/sflit.1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2020. Passions against the grain: Decadent emotions in Finnish wilderness. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 87–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-7

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2022. Nordic cultures: From wilderness to metropolitan decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.12

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020a. Decadence in Nordic literature: An overview. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 3–37. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020b. Preface. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk xvii–xviii. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Mahoney, Kristin 2019. Dainty malice: Ada Leverson and post-Victorian decadent feminism. – Decadence in the Age of Modernism. Toim Kate Hext, Alex Murray. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, lk 27–46.

Mahoney, Kristin 2022. The decadent novel: Generic inversions. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.16

Manne, Kate 2018. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. London: Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Mesch, Rachel 2006. The Hysteric’s Revenge: French Women Writers at the Fin de Siècle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Molarius, Päivi 2003. “Will the Human Race Degenerate?” The Individual, the Family and the Fearsome Spectre of Degeneracy in Finnish Literature of the late 19th and Early 20th Century. – Changing Scenes: Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 121–142.

Nietzsche, Friedrich 1996. Ecce homo. Kuidas saadakse selleks, mis ollakse. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Vagabund.

Offen, Karen M. 2000. European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162

Ostra, Alma 1923. Aino. Tallinn: Varrak.

Ostra, Alma 2016. Mälestised 1905. a. revolutsioonist. – 1905. aasta Eestis. Mälestused. Toim Toomas Karjahärm. Tallinn: Argo, lk 35–44.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2003. Free Love, Mystical Union or Prostitution? The Dissonant Love Stories of L. Onerva. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 54–84.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2014. Decadent New Woman (Un)Bound: Mimetic Strategies in L. Onerva’s Mirdja. [Doktoritöö.] University of Turku.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2019. Decadent New Woman’s ironic subversions: L. Onerva’s multi-layered irony. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 82−99.

Potolsky, Matthew 2021. Decadence and realism. – Victorian Literature and Culture, kd 49, nr 4, lk 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150320000248

Puik, Katrin 2022. Irooniast Friedebert Tuglase „Felix Ormussonis”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 60–79.

Pynsent, Robert B. 1989. Conclusory essay: Decadence, decay and innovation. – Decadence and Innovation. Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century. Toim R. Pynsent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, lk 111–248.

Randvere, J. 1980. Ruth. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 34–35. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Richardson, Angelique 2003. The life sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution”. – A Concise Companion to Modernism. Toim David Bradshaw. Malden–Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, lk 1–33.

Roelofs, Joan 2018. Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist feminism in theory and practice. – International Critical Thought, kd 8, nr 1, lk 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436

Roose, Arthur 1924. Eesti luule- ja proosatoodang 1923. – Päevalehe lisa 31. III, lk 102–104.

Rossi, Riikka 2019. Primitive passions and nostalgia for nature: Decadence and primitivism in Maria Jotuni’s Work. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 100–119.

Rønning, Anne Birgitte 2020. Decadence and female subjectivity in Dagny Juel’s prose poems. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 155–172.

Sakova, Aija 2005/2006. Eesti naise ühiskondlik-poliitiline ja perekondlik roll 1920ndate aastate alguses Emma Asson-Petersoni näitel. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 121–129.

Semper, Johannes 1914. Entusiasmi kultur (E. Verhaereni Venemaal viibimise puhuks). – Vaba Sõna, nr 2, lk 74–77.

Semper, Johannes 1926. Meie kirjanduse teed. – Looming, nr 7, lk 764–774.

Semper, Johannes 2013. Päevaraamatud. Toim Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Sengoopta, Chandak 2000. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press.

Showalter, Elaine 1993. Introduction. – Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin de Siècle. Toim E. Showalter. United Kingdom: Rutgers University Press, Virago Press, lk vii–xx.

Sillaots, Marta 1927. Neli „inimest ilma eluloota”. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 606–612.

Silverman, Debora L. 2018. Boundaries: Bourgeois Belgium and “tentacular” modern­ism. – Modern Intellectual History, kd 15, nr 1, lk 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244317000245

Snyder, Jane McIntosh 1998. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1978. Pikad sammud. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 2. kd. Jutustused (1907–1910). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 85–164.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1979. Kärbes. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 3. kd. Miniatuurid, jutustused, novellid (1909–1921). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 123–253.

Vakker, Triin 2012. Rahvusliku religiooni konstrueerimise katsed 1920.–1930. aastate Eestis – taara usk. – Mäetagused, nr 50, lk 175–198. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2012.50.vakker

Vardi, Sophia 1914. Esimesed tuuled. Tartu: Noor-Eesti.

Viljamaa, Piret; Hillermaa, Rita 2010. Naised Eesti parlamendis 1917–1940, 1992–2019. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.

Vuorikuru, Silja 2018. Maailma südames. Tlk Sirje Olesk. Tallinn: Varrak.

Weir, David 1995. Decadence and the Making of Modernism. Amherst: University of ­Massachusetts Press.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004a. Preface. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic Opening: Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk vii–xiv.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004b. Introduction. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic ­Opening. Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk 1–14.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004c. Towards a feminist genealogy of modernism: The narcissistic turn in Lou Andreas-Salomé and Edith Södergran. – Gender – Power – Text: Nordic Culture in the Twentieth Century. Toim Helena Forsås-Scott. Norwich: Norvik Press, lk 61–76.

PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.

Timonen, Senni (toim) 1980. Näin lauloi Larin Paraske. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Tvauri, Andres 2001. Muinas-Tartu. Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusloost. (Muinasaja teadus 10.) Tallinn–Tartu: Ajaloo Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli arheoloogia õppetool.

Valk, Ülo 1993. Kust tuli Ilmalind? Läänemeresoome loomisloo päritolust I–II. – Vikerkaar, nr 2, lk 21–29; nr 3, lk 61–66.

Van De Bogart, Willard G. 2014. The Giant Swing (Lo Ching Cha): Brahmanical origins and its significance to the religious culture of Thailand. – Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. Toim Pranee Liamputtong. Dordrecht: Springer, lk 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7244-1_2

Viidalepp, Richard 1936. Eesti muistsest kiigekultuurist. – Nädal Pildis, nr 10, lk 220–222.

Vissel, Anu 2002. Eestlaste kiigekultuur enne ja nüüd. – Mäetagused, nr 21, lk 7–84. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2002.21.kiik

Keywords: literature didactics, teaching poetry, basic psychological needs

In recent years, discussions about the modernization of literature education have gained prominence. However, there persists a lack of insight into the actual practices occurring in schools. From the perspective of poetry education, it is crucial to delve into the reality of how poetry is taught in Estonian schools. There is a dearth of information on which authors are being taught, how poetry is approached, and how students are supported in their reading. This article is the first to address these questions. It offers a comprehensive analysis that maps the position of poetry within Estonian schools and thus points to potential future scenarios concerning the societal role of poetry. It is worth noting that our research is not meant to examine the entirety of poetry education but specifically focuses on the treatment of poetry collections.

The study is based on a semi-structured survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, involving 84 literature teachers from across Estonia. The questions addressed the poetry works covered, preferred authors, approaches to poetry collections, and the challenges encountered in poetry education. These aspects were examined within the context of decades of research in poetry didactics.

Teachers report students’ limited appreciation for literature, infrequent reading habits, difficulties in grasping figurative language, and a restricted vocabulary. Furthermore, they highlight a lack of suitable teaching materials for poetry. Teachers acknowledge their own limited knowledge of poetry and poetry collections. This creates a cycle where teachers’ prior experiences with poetry collections hamper their enthusiasm for teaching, thus perpetuating the absence of a tradition. Contemporary and foreign poetry is frequently avoided. One-third of teachers fail to provide adequate support during independent reading. A significant portion of teachers concludes poetry collection instruction with creative projects.

This study reveals that poetry, particularly in the form of poetry collections, occupies a marginalized space in literature classrooms. Around a quarter of students complete their basic education without ever having read any poetry collections. Teachers grapple with a shortage of suitable teaching materials and require substantial support. Given these challenges, fostering an enhanced poetry education hinges on collaboration between literary studies and didactics to unlock the pedagogical-poetic potential of poetry and make it more visible. In summary, both teachers and poetry are in need of assistance, and this study underscores the challenges that underlie poetry instruction.

Marie Udam (b. 1991), MA, Narva Estonian School, literature and Estonian language teacher (Hariduse 3, 20307 Narva), marie.udam@nerg.ee

Joosep Susi (b. 1989), MA, Tallinn University, junior lecturer of Literature Didactics and Estonian Literature (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), jsusi@tlu.ee

Merilyn Meristo (b. 1975), PhD, Tallinn University, associate professor (Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn), merilyn.meristo@tlu.ee

References

Adamson, Ele 2015. Luule õpetamine gümnaasiumis: kirjandusõpetajate pedagoogilised arusaamad ja metoodilised lähenemised. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeele­teaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/47092?show=full

Belle, Crystal 2016. Don’t believe the hype: Hip-hop literacies and English education. – Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, kd 60, nr 3, lk 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.574

Benton, Michael 1978. Poetry for children: a neglected art. – Children’s Literature in Education, kd 9, nr 3, lk 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01142921

Benton, Peter 1986. Pupil, Teacher, Poem. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Benton, Peter 2000. The conveyor belt curriculum? Poetry teaching in the secondary school II. – Oxford Review of Education, kd 26, nr 1, lk 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/030549800103872

Bryer, Theo; Lindsay, Morlette; Wilson, Rebecca 2014. A take on a Gothic poem: Tablet film-making and literary texts. – Changing English, kd 21, nr 3, lk 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2014.929284

Coles, Jane; Bryer, Theo 2018. Reading as enactment: transforming Beowulf through drama, film and computer game. – English in Education, kd 52, nr 1, lk 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2018.1414419

Creely, Edwin 2019. “Poetry is dying”: creating a (re)new(ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. – Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, kd 42, nr 2, lk 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03652031

Culler, Jonathan 2017. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press.

Dahlbäck, Katharina; Lyngfelt, Anna; Bengtsdotter Katz, Viktoria 2018. Views of poetry as a competence expressed by students in teacher education. – Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, kd 15, lk 101–119. https://doi.org/10.12775/ths.2018.007

Deci, Richard M; Ryan, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. – American Psychologist, kd 55, nr 1, lk 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Delchamps, Vivian 2018. Teaching poetry through dance. – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim Sandra Lee Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_3

Dressman, Mark 2015. The paradox of poetry education. – The Routledge International Hand­book of the Arts and Education. Abingdon–New York: Routledge, lk 203–211.

Farber, Jerry 2015. On not betraying poetry. – Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, kd 15, nr 2, lk 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1215/15314200-2844985

GRÕK 2023 = Gümnaasiumi riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 6. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_gym_lisa1.pdf#

Haramija, Dragica; Batič, Janja 2018. The role of illustration in interpreting a multi­modal literary text. – The New Educational Review, kd 52, nr 2, lk 195–205. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2018.52.2.15

Hennoste, Tiit 1997. Kaanon. Kaanan. – Vikerkaar, nr 12, lk 59–70.

Höglund, Heidi 2017. Video Poetry: Negotiating Literary Interpretations. Students Multi­modal Designing in Response to Literature. [Doktoritöö.] Åbo Akademi University.

Jusslin, Sofia; Höglund, Heidi 2021. Entanglements of dance/poetry: Creative dance in students’ poetry reading and writing. – Research in Dance Education, kd 22, nr 3, lk 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2020.1789088

Kalamees-Ruubel, Katrin 2014. Eesti keele ja kirjandusõpetuse roll eesti õppekeelega üld­hariduskooli õppekavas 1917–2014. Ajaloolis-analüütiline käsitlus. (Tallinna Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste dissertatsioonid 80.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, kasvatusteaduste instituut. https://www.etera.ee/zoom/1943/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info

Kivi, Kersti 2017. Luule käsitlemise võimalusi põhikooli II astmes. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kleppe, Sandra Lee 2018. Teaching poetry with painting: “Why do yo thus devise evil against her?” – Poetry and Pedagogy across the Lifespan: Disciplines, Classrooms, Contexts. Toim S. L. Kleppe, Angela Sorby. London: Palgrave Macmillan, lk 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90433-7_5

Kovalik, Kate; Curwood, Jen Scott 2019. #poetryisnotdead: understanding Instagram poetry within a transliteracies framework. – Literacy, kd 53, nr 4, lk 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12186

Kullo, Katrin 2021. Kooliraamatukogude varustatuse mõju ilukirjandusteoste valikule ja käsitlus­viisidele kirjandusõpetuses. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Kumar, Tracey 2018. The battle for rap: Problems and possibilities in teacher education. – Teaching Education, kd 29, nr 2, lk 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1377695

Lantolf, James P.; Poehner, Matthew E. 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813850

Lotman, Juri 2006. Kunstilise teksti struktuur. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Pärt Lias. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Merilai, Arne 2004. Kooli kirjandusõpetusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 610–615.

Meyer, Oliver; Coyle, Do 2017. Pluriliteracies teaching for learning: conceptualizing progression for deeper learning in literacies development. – European Journal of Applied Linguistics, kd 5, nr 2, lk 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0006

Nool, Kerli 2021. Luulekogu käsitlemine 6. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Org, Andrus 2000. Luule õpetamise metoodika gümnaasiumis. Õpetajakoolituse lõputöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti kirjanduse ja teatriteaduse õppetool.

Paasik, Merli 2013. Luulekogu õpetamise võimalusi põhikooli kirjandustunnis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/31440

Palk, Eliise 2020. Algajate eesti keele ja kirjanduse õpetajate töökoormus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Palmiste, Tiia 2021. Hiiumaaga seotud luuletajate ja nende luulekogude käsitlus põhikoolis. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti ja üldkeeleteatuse instituut.

Pieper, Irene 2020. L1 Education and the place of literature. – Rethinking L1 Education on a Global Era: Understanding the (Post-) National L1 Subjects in New and Difficult Times. Toim Bill Green, Per-Olof Erixon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, lk 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55997-7_6

Poetry in Schools: A Survey of Practice 2006/2007. London: Ofsted.

PRÕK 2023 = Põhikooli riiklik õppekava. Lisa 1. Ainevaldkond „Keel ja kirjandus”. – Riigi Teataja I, 8. III 2023, 1. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1080/3202/3001/18m_pohi_lisa1.pdf#

Päll, Kristiane 2023. Räpptekstide käsitlemine 8. klassi näitel. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Řeřichová, Vlasta; Vala, Jaroslav; Sladová, Jana 2014. Poetry in school – the old issues and new challenges. – e-Pedagogium, kd 14, nr 4, lk 127–139. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2014.048

Rosenblatt, Louise M. 1978. The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of Literary Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Salm, Kaisa 2012. Kujundlikkuse käsitlemine eesti keele ja kirjanduse õppematerjalides põhikooli III astmes. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, eesti keele ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/35309

Sigvardsson, Anna 2017. Teaching poetry reading in secondary education: Findings from a systematic literature review. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 61, nr 5, lk 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1172503

Sigvardsson, Anna 2020. Don’t fear poetry! Secondary teachers’ key strategies for engaging pupils with poetic texts. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, kd 64, nr 6, lk 953–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1650823

Simecek, Karen; Rumbold, Kate 2016. The uses of poetry. – Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, kd 23, nr 4, lk 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2016.1230300

Sulkunen, Sari; Arffman, Inga 2010. Key element No 4: Choosing engaging reading materials. – ADORE – Teaching Struggling Adolescent Readers in European Countries. Toim Christine Garbe, Karl Holle, Svantje Weinhold. Frankfurt am Main–Berlin–Bern–Bruxelles–New York–Oxford–Wien: Peter Lang, lk 102–113.

Susi, Joosep; Org, Andrus 2023. Praegused noored õpivad tiu-tiu! teisiti. – Sirp 6. I, lk 29–31.

Säre, Egle 2021. Arutelu kui õppemeetod vajab taasavastamist. – Õpetajate Leht 19. III, lk 7.

Talviste, Katre 2019. Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos. – Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis, nr 4, lk 32−55. https://doi.org/10.22601/PET.2019.04.02

Vaino, Maarja 2023. Kirjandusõpe nõukogude koolis. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1–2, lk 240–254. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk782a13

Vapper, Mari 2018. Õpilaste valitud kirjandusteoste osakaal ja tähendus põhikooli II–III astme kirjandustundides. Magistritöö. Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut.

Wandera, David B. 2016. Teaching poetry through collaborative art: an analysis of multi­modal ensembles for transformative learning. – Journal of Transformative Education, kd 14, nr 4, lk 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344616650749

Weaven, Mary; Clark, Tom 2013. “I guess it scares us” – Teachers discuss the teaching of poetry in senior secondary English. – English in Education, kd 47, nr 3, lk 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eie.12016

Xerri, Daniel 2012. Poetry teaching and multimodality: theory into practice. – Creative Education, kd 3, nr 4, lk 507–512. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34077

Young, Alice Mary 2016. High school English teachers’ experiences with poetry pedagogy. Boston, MA: Northeastern University.

Keywords: Verb Second (V2), language contact, language history, Germanic ­languages, prosody, corpus study

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies – a synchronic and a diachronic one – that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives.

The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses.

The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order.

 

Heete Sahkai (b. 1972), PhD, Institute of the Estonian Language, Senior Researcher (Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn), heete.sahkai@eki.ee

Anne Tamm (b. 1968), PhD habil., Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Associate Professor (Reviczky u. 4, 1088 Budapest), tamm.anne@kre.hu

Anders Holmberg (b. 1951), PhD, Newcastle University, School of English Literature, Language, and Linguistics, Emeritus Professor (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU), anders.holmberg@newcastle.ac.uk

Keywords: Estonian poetry, Artur Alliksaar, rhyme, alliteration, sound and meaning

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art – the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923–1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabic-accentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works.

The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar’s poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes.

The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference.

 

Rebekka Lotman (b. 1978), PhD, University of Tartu, Institute of Cultural Research, Associate Professor of World Literature (Ülikooli 16, 51003 Tartu), rebekka.lotman@ut.ee

Maria-Kristiina Lotman (b. 1974), PhD, University of Tartu, Associate Professor of Classical Philology (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), maria.lotman@ut.ee

Mihhail Lotman (b. 1952), PhD, University of Tartu, Visiting Professor of Semiotics (Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu), mihhail.lotman@ut.ee

Keywords: Yelena Skulskaya, Andrei Ivanov, identity

Contemporary methodologies increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity. In the social sciences, mass culture and literature are gaining attention as new sources of knowledge. Looking at literature through the lens of the new methodological frameworks allows for a more comprehensive study of identities and their evolution. This article applies a new methodology of studying the national identity, developed by Ted Hopf and Bentley Allan in the framework of the project Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database, which makes it possible to examine the emergence and persistence of the concept of “a Russian from Russia” as “the Other” in the identity discourse of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia after the restoration of Estonian independence. The first part of this article focuses on identifying the initial stages of the formation of this idea in Estonian Russian-language magazines that covered literature and social issues – Tallinn and Raduga. The second part analyzes the works of the two most popular and well-known Russian-speaking authors – Yelena Skulskaya and Andrei Ivanov. The analysis in complemented by interviews with the writers and references to the works of other Russian-speaking authors.

 

Elena Pavlova (b. 1975), PhD, University of Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, Research Fellow (Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu), ­elena.pavlova@ut.ee

Keywords: nationalism, transnational feminist modernism, Estonian literature, women’s writing, comparative literature

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

 

Eret Talviste (b. 1991), PhD, University of Tartu, College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Researcher of Contemporary English ­Literature (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), eret.talviste@ut.ee

 

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 245 – Friedebert Tuglas

 

Kirjandus

A. K. 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Naise teoseist kaovad poos, šest ja sädistamine alles pärast viiekümnendat eluaastat. – Vaba Maa 16. V, lk 8.

Aele, A. 1934. Noore naiskirjaniku naiselik romaan. – Sakala Pühapäev 22. XII, lk 3.

Annuk, Eve 2021. Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses „Liina” (1877). – Mäetagused, nr 81, lk 45−64. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.81.annuk

Annuk, Eve 2023. Naisproosakirjanikud kultuuriloos ja tänapäeva eesti kultuuriteadvuses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 755–774.

Annus, Epp 2017. Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315226583

Berman, Jessica 2012. Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics, and Transnational Modern­ism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Berman, Jessica 2018. Practicing transnational feminist recovery today. – Feminist Modern­ist Studies, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2017.1382968

Doyle, Laura 2009. Toward a philosophy of transnationalism. – Journal of Transnational American Studies, kd 1, nr 1, lk 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5070/T811006941

Fernald, Anne E. 2013. Women’s fiction, new modernist studies, and feminism. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 59, nr 2, lk 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0024

Friedman, Susan Stanford 2001. Feminism, state fictions and violence: gender, geo­politics and transnationalism. – Communal/Plural, kd 9, nr 1, lk 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13207870124583

Hartman, Saidiya 2008. Venus in two acts. – Small Axe, kd 12, nr 26, lk 1–14.

Hennoste, Tiit 2016. Eesti kirjanduslik avangard 20. sajandi algul. Hüpped modernismi poole I. (Heuremata.) Tartu–Tallinn: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heywood, Andrew 2017. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

Hiiemäe, Sirly 2006. Naiskarakterid Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Soomustüdruk”. Bakalau­reusetöö. Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Dekadentlik modernsuskogemus A. H. Tammsaare ja nooreestlaste loomingus. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis ­Tartuensis 10.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hirsch, Marianne 2018. Feminist Archives of Possibility. – Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, kd 29, nr 1, lk 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-6681696

James, David; Seshagiri, Urmila 2014. Metamodernism: Narratives of Continuity and ­Revolution. – PMLA, kd 129, nr 1, lk 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.87

Kaljundi, Linda 2022. Decolonise that – Estonian identity as indigenous and/or white. – A Shade Colder, nr 1, https://www.ashadecolder.com/decolonise-that-estonian-identity-as-indigenous-and-or-white

Karro, Piret 2022. 150 aastat Eesti feminismi. – Vikerkaar, nr 4, lk 57–112.

Kenk, Kaire 2015. Unustusse vajunud. – Elu Lood. Eesti Naise kvartalilisa, nr 13, lk 20–27.

Kibuvits, Leida 1941. Vanad kirsipuud. – L. Kibuvits, Sipelgaõli. Tartu: RK Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, lk 79–105.

Kibuvits, Leida 1962. Orfeus II. – L. Kibuvits, Elagu inimene! Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 86–107.

Kibuvits, Leida 2003. Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Kibuvits, Leida 2022. Ladybirdred. Tlk Eret Talviste. – The Fortnightly Review, nr 2, https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2023/02/kibuvits-ladybirdred/

Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Pygmalioni ja Narkissose moodsad ümberkirjutused. Tuglase „Felix Ormusson” ja Semperi „Hiina kett”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 80–112.

Kirss, Tiina Ann 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid nais­ajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kivimaa, Katrin 2003. Nationalism, Gender and Cultural Identities: The Case of Estonian Art from the Impact of Modernity to the Post-Soviet Era 1850–2000. Leeds: University of Leeds.

Koobak, Redi; Marling, Raili 2014. The decolonial challenge: framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies. – European Journal of Women’s Studies, kd 21, nr 4, lk 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814542882

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (Dissertationes litterarum et contemplationis comparativae Universitatis Tartuensis 6.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Kuznetski, Julia; Tüür, Kadri 2022. Estonian literature and ecofeminism. – The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Toim Douglas A. Vakoch. London: Routledge, lk 233–243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195610

Liivamets, Maire 2003. Mõned mõtted raamatu mõistmiseks. – Leida Kibuvits, Rahusõit. Manglus Sepapoeg. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 301–304.

Lindsalu, Elo 2009. Kes oli paradiisi perenaine? Naiskunstniku problemaatikast Leida Kibuvitsa romaanis „Paradiisi pärisperenaine”. – Looming, nr 7, lk 973–982.

Lykke, Nina 2010. Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge.

Mao, Douglas; Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2008. The new modernist studies. – PMLA, kd 123, nr 3, lk 737–748.

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Marling, Raili; Koobak, Redi 2017. Intersections of feminisms and neoliberalism: post-state-socialist Estonia in a transnational feminist framework. – Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, kd 38, nr 3, lk 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0001

McGiff, Shilo Rae 2018. „Out of the Heart of Spring”: Virginia Woolf and the Changing Shapes of Pastoral 1928-1938. Ithaca: Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.7298/waxh-c171

Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen J. (toim) 2020. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242356

Ojam, Indrek 2018. Modernismi muutuv tähendus eesti kirjanduskultuuris. Rekonstrueerimiskatse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 541–559. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk728a2

Pachmanová, Martina 2010. In? Out? In between? Some notes on the invisibility of a nascent Eastern European feminist and gender discourse in contemporary art theory. – Gender Check: A Reader. Art and Theory in Eastern Europe since the 1960s. Toim Bojana Pejic. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, lk 37–49.

Põldsaar, Raili 2008. The Baltic States. – Bonnie G. Smith (toim), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-80

Rojola, Lea 2009. „Ja ta tundis himu rääkida.” Aino Kallas, Maie Merits ja naiste hääl. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 746–757.

Saint-Amour, Paul K. 2018. Weak theory, weak modernism. – Modernism/Modernity, kd 25, nr 3, lk 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0035

Seaber, Luke; Shallcross, Michael 2019. The trouble with modernism: a dialogue. – The Modernist Review, nr 10. https://modernistreviewcouk.wordpress.com/2019/06/28/the-trouble-with-modernism/

Scott, Bonnie Kime 1990. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Soovik, Ene-Reet 2022. Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 29, lk 92–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v23i29.19033

Suchland, Jennifer 2011. Is postsocialism transnational? – Signs: Journal of Women in ­Culture and Society, kd 36, nr 4, lk 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/658899

Suburg, Lilli 1877. Liina. Ühe Eesti tütarlapse elulugu, temast enesest jutustatud. Tartu: ­Schnakenburg.

Talivee, Elle-Mari 2023. Looduskultuuri mur(d)epunkte. Meie antropotseen. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 267–285. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk783a1

Talviste, Eret 2021. Eestlus, naiste roll ja elu kui selline. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanist „Rahusõit”. – Looming, nr 6, lk 804−814.

Talviste, Eret 2022. Thoughts on peace during a train ride: Rethinking patriotism with ­Virginia Woolf and Leida Kibuvits. – Virginia Woolf Miscellany, nr 99, lk 18–20. https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2022/12/vwm99spring-fall2022-final-version.pdf

Tammsaare, A. H. 1981. Tõde ja õigus I. Kogutud teosed, 6. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Tlostanova, Madina 2012. Postsocialist ≠ postcolonial? On post-Soviet imaginary and global coloniality. – Journal of Postcolonial Writing, kd 48, nr 2, lk 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.658244

Tuglas, Friedebert 1933. Eesti romaan 1932. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 49–61.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti romaan 1934. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 3, lk 109–126.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1936. Leida Kibuvits. Manglus Sepapoeg. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 476–479.

Tüür, Kadri 2023. Naine kirjutab lindudest. Ökofeministlik ekskurss eesti looduskirjandusse. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 847–872.

Uustalu, Linda 1985. Leida Kibuvitsa romaanimaailm. – Looming, nr 10, lk 1419–1423.

Vaino, Maarja 2012. Rist ja rõõm. Lisandusi Leida Kibuvitsa eluloole. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 10, lk 755–767. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk659a3

Varrak, Toomas 2000. Estonia: crisis and ’pre-emptive’ authoritarianism. – Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Jeremy Mitchell (toim), Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–39: Systematic Case Studies. London–New York: Springer, lk 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774_5

Veski, Liisi 2023. Towards stronger national unity: statist ideas in Estonian nationalism during the “Era of Silence” (1934–1940). – Journal of Baltic Studies, lk 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2190991

Walkowitz, Rebecca L. 2016. Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time. – Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, kd 18, nr 5, lk 748–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1173961

Woolf, Virginia 1992. A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. Toimetanud ja eessõna kirjutanud Morag Shiach. (Oxford World’s Classics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, Virginia 2011. Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid. – V. Woolf, The Essays of Virginia Woolf. Vol. 6: 1933–1941. Toim Stuart N. Clarke. London: Hogarth Press, lk 242–248.

Keywords: affect, modernist literature, gender, sexuality, Djuna Barnes, Reed Morn

This article focuses on American writer Djuna Barnes’s novel “Nightwood” (1936) and Estonian writer Reed Morn’s novel “The Talented Parasite” (Andekas parasiit, 1927). Specifically, the article analyses how the two novels represent bodies, affects and materiality, relying on the notion of affective modernism (Taylor 2012). English-language modernist texts have been frequently portrayed as aiming for impersonality and the rejection of emotions and sentiment. Authors like Julie Taylor have challenged this assumption, demonstrating the presence of emotions, drives and sensations in modernist texts. New research on modernism has shown modernist texts both portraying and theorizing bodies (Watts et al. 2019), discussing the relationship between the human and the non-human (Ryan 2015) as well as the Anthropocene (Adkins 2022). This article focuses on affects and senses, in particular the way affects move between bodies, being simultaneously creative and disruptive (Taylor 2012: 1). Both authors analyzed here employ affective ambivalence (Taylor 2012: 2). The article uses Tim Clarke’s (2021) concept of morbid vitalism to analyse how the two novels engage with a central problem of modernity: how to live in the context of despair. This question is viewed from a gendered perspective. The article builds on Taylor’s and Clarke’s analysis of Barnes, enriching their interpretations with insights from other scholars to bring the notion of affective modernism into the study of Estonian literature.

The analysis shows that Barnes’s novel provides an excellent example of morbid vitalism, showing recognizable affective tensions between life and death, felt especially keenly in the social margins where gender trouble does not permit characters to identify with normative social fantasies. Marginality becomes a privilege that permits the characters to see the contradictions in ideologies promising coherent subjecthood and to create modes of being that are oriented towards death while remaining open to the presence of others. The morbidity of Morn’s novel does not come to a similar understanding of affects and embodiment or embrace the vital potential of morbidity. “Nightwood” challenges the binary gender system, while “The Talented Parasite” fails to break out of the culturally prescribed internalized misogyny.

However, both novels test the boundaries of affective modernism. Women writers faced the especially difficult task of finding ways of writing about bodies and emotions without being criticized for dated sentimentality. Both texts provide new modes of affective writing, in which the body is present in the text, but not subjected to stereotypical emotional regimes. Barnes is bolder in her project. Morn, despite the pessimism of her final conclusion, addresses the same range of questions about representing the affects created by living outside of social expectation. Barnes does not grant a happy ending to her freak dandies, but affords them considerable vitality. Morn’s conclusion is pessimistic: the marginal can escape only into death. Both novels pose the question of how to live with despair and both conclude that the only answer can be found in affective ambivalence.

 

Raili Marling (b. 1973), PhD, University of Tartu, Professor of English Studies (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), raili.marling@ut.ee

References

Adkins, Peter 2022. The Modernist Anthropocene: Nonhuman Life and Planetary Change in James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes. (Edinburgh Critical Studies in Modernist Culture.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474481984

Ahmed, Sara 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bair, Deidre 1995. Anaïs Nin: A Biograhy. New York: Putnam.

Barnes, Djuna 1985. Interviews. Toim Alyce Barry, Douglas Messerli. Los Angeles: Sun and Moon Press.

Barnes, Djuna 2016. Öömets. Tlk Krista Mits. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 11–13.

Blyn, Robin 2008. Nightwood’s freak dandies: Decadence in the 1930s. – Modernism/­modernity, kd 15, nr 3, lk 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.0.0004

Brennan, Teresa 2004. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Butler, Judith 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Caselli, Daniela 2009. Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’s Bewildering Corpus. New York: Routledge.

Chisholm, Dianne 1997. Obscene modernism: Eros Noir and the profane illumination of Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 69, nr 1, lk 167–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928172

Cixous, Hélène 1972. The Exile of James Joyce. Tlk Sally A. J. Purcell. New York: David Lewis.

Clarke, Tim 2021. Morbid vitalism: Death, decadence, and spinozism in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth-Century Literature, kd 67, nr 2, lk 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-9084328

Cole, Merrill 2006. Backwards ventriloquy: The historical uncanny in Barnes’s Night­wood. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 52, nr 4, lk 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2006-1005

DeKoeven, Marianne 1989. Gendered doubleness and the “origins” of modernist form. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 8, nr 1, lk 19–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/463878

Downing, Lisa 2011. Notes on a proto-queer Rachilde: Decadence, deviance and (reverse) discourse in La Marquise de Sade. – Sexualities, kd 15, nr 1, lk 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711432093

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau 2014. “Virile thought”: Modernist maleness, poetic forms and practices. – Modernism and Masculinity. Toim Natalya Lusty, Julian Murphet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139097123.003

Frank, Joseph 1945. Spatial form in modern literature: An essay in two parts. – The Sewanee Review, kd 53, nr 1, lk 221–240; kd 53, nr 2, lk 433–456; kd 53, nr 4, lk 643–653.

Fuchs, Miriam 1993. Djuna Barnes and T. S. Eliot: Authority, resistance, and acquiescence. – Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, kd 12, nr 2, lk 288–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/463931

Gallagher, Jean 2001. Vision and inversion in Nightwood. – Modern Fiction Studies, kd 47, nr 2, lk 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2001.0023

Glavey, Brian 2009. Dazzling estrangement: Modernism, queer ekphrasis, and the spatial form of Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 124, nr 3, lk 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.749

Goody, Alex 2007. Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288300_2

Grigorjeva, Sveta 2022. Naised, taimed ja juurdumine maastikku. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 79–98.

Gutkin, Len 2014. Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and decadent style. – Literature Compass, kd 11, nr 6, lk 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12142

Hasselblatt, Cornelius 2016. Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu. (Heuremata. Humanitaarteaduslikke monograafiaid.) Tlk Mari Tarvas, Maris Saagpakk, Ave Mattheus. Tallinn–Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Heise, Thomas 2009. Degenerate Sex and the City: Djuna Barnes’s urban under­world. – Twentieth Century Literature, kd 55, nr 3, lk 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2009-4004

Herring, Phillip F. 1995. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Penguin Books.

Herring, Scott 2007. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226327921.001.0001

Hinrikus, Rutt 1998. Reed Morni tee ja tõde. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 521–534; nr 9, lk 622–634.

Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael 2016. Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jonsson, AnnKatrin 2005. Nightwood and the limits of representation. – Textual Ethics ­Studies, or: Locating Ethics. (Critical Studies 26.) Toim Anna Fahreaus, A. Jonsson. ­Leiden: Brill, lk 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202046_017

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Lamos, Colleen R. 2017. The men of 1914. – The Cambridge History of Modernism. Toim Vincent Sherry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, lk 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139540902.030

Lauretis, Teresa de 2008. Freud’s Drive: Psychoanalysis, Literature and Film. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lepsoo, Tanel 2020. Mediated world and attention crisis: Unhappy consciousness a hundred years ago. – Interlitteraria, kd 25, nr 1, lk 110–123. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2020.25.1.11

Marling, Raili; Talviste, Eret 2022. Võõristusest läheduseni. Kehad ja meeled Emil Tode „Raadios”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 387–403. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk773a1

Massumi, Brian 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.

McGuigan, John 2009. Against the “Foetus of Symmetry”: Sur-Realism and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood. – The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, kd 41, nr 2, lk 18–43.

Morn, Reed 2008. Andekas parasiit. (Eesti romaanivara.) Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Nirk, Endel 1985. Avardumine. Vaatlusi eesti romaani arenguteelt. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Oras, Ants 1939. Naiskirjanikest mujal ja meil. – Looming, nr 6, lk 659–663; nr 7, lk 735–741.

Ryan, Derek 2015. Virginia Woolf and the Materiality of Theory: Sex, Animal, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Seitler, Dana 2001. Down on all fours: Atavistic perversions and the science of desire from Frank Norris to Djuna Barnes. – American Literature, kd 73, nr 2, lk 525–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-73-3-525

Sherry, Vincent 2014. Modernism and the Reinvention of Decadence. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139941570

Smith, Victoria L. 1999. A story beside(s) itself: The language of loss in Djuna Barnes’ ­Nightwood. – PMLA, kd 114, nr 2, lk 194–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/463391

Stevenson, Guy 2020. Diluting holy writ: From the ‘Men of 1914’ to the beat generation. – ­Textual Practice, kd 34, nr 9, lk 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2020.1808300

Stewart, Kathleen 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822390404

Taylor, Julie 2012. Djuna Barnes and Affective Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748646760

Warren, Diana 2008. Djuna Barnes’ Consuming Fictions. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.

Watts, Kara; Hall, Molly Volanth; Hackett, Robin (toim) 2019. Affective Materialities: Reori­enting the Body in Modernist Literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056289.001.0001

Weir, David 2009. Decadent Culture in the United States. Albany: SUNY Press.

Keywords: translation history, translator studies, multipositionality, gender

The perspective of multipositionality as a means of taking a holistic approach to a person’s multiple lives, i.e. to their different professional fields of activity, has been used to a great effect in translation (including translator) studies. This article explores the feasibility of adapting this concept to the Estonian literary context by looking at the case of Marta Sillaots (1887–1969), known to the wider public mostly as a translator and critic. Less known is her work as a teacher, journalist, and an author of not just children’s stories, but of adult prose, too.

It was primarily the archival sources which demonstrated that Sillaots’ literary and non-literary activities at the start of her career, in the first decades of the 20th century, took several interrelated forms with transferred interests and shifting authority from one field of activity to another. An exploration of Sillaots’ multiple lives unveils a young woman’s professional literary aspirations in their complex, intertwined nature, and reveals her means of survival within the restrictions, conventions and limitations of the largely patriarchal early 20th century Estonian literary landscape.

 

Külliki Steinberg (b. 1970), MA, University of Tartu, Doctoral Student in Translation ­History and Translator Studies at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Lossi 3, 51003 Tartu), kulliki.steinberg@ut.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 92, m 276:26. O/ü „Noor-Eesti” käsikirjad. Kirjad Marta Sillaots-Rannat’ilt. 06.09.1918–04.01.1938.

f 155, m 3:7. Marta Reichenbach’i kirjad Eduard Virgo’le. 22.05.1953–03.07.1954.

f 155, m 28:1. Eduard Virgo. „Tallinna Kaja” käsikirjad Marta Reichenbach’ilt (Marta Sillaots). 1915.

f 185, m 4:7. Karl August Hindrey. Marta Sillaots. 16.03.1936.

f 194, m 21:51. „Eesti Biograafiline Leksikon” (EBL). Marta Sillaots (Reichenbach). 11.03.1927–20.06.1928.

f 275, m 15:15. Marta Sillaots-Reichenbach’i kirjad Johannes Aavik’ule. 16.12.1912–23.10.1916.

 

Kirjandus

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Postimees 29. III (11. IV), lk 5.

Aavik, Johannes 1912. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Tallinna Teataja 11. (24.) IV, lk 2.

Aavik, Johannes 1913a. Õigekeelsuslikud arvustused. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 315–319.

Aavik, Johannes 1913b. Eesti õigekeelsuse ja keele ilu küsimus. Vastuseletuseks hra Jõge­verile. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 422–427.

Adson, Artur 2017. Siuru-raamat. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Dekker, Rudolf 2002. Jacquer Presser’s Heritage: Egodocuments in the Study of History. – Memoria y Civilización, nr 5, lk 13–37. https://doi.org/10.15581/001.5.33803

EBL 1926–1929 = Eesti biograafiline leksikon. (Akadeemilise Ajaloo-Seltsi toimetused II. Academicae Societatis Historicae scripta II. Estonia.) Peatoim A. R. Cederberg. Toim Henrik Koppel, Johan Kõpp, Andrus Saareste, Peeter Treiberg, Friedebert Tuglas, Richard Kleis. Tartu: K./Ü. Loodus.

Eisen, Matthias Johann 1914. Anderseni muinasjutud I. Eesti keelde Anna Haava. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 16–17.

Gielen, Katiliina 2012. Marta Sillaotsa eksplitsiitne ja implitsiitne tõlkepoeetika. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 104–117. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.571

Guzmán, María Constanza 2020. (re)Visiting the translator’s archive: Toward a genealogy of translation in the Americas. – Palimpsestes, nr 34, lk 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.5538

J. A. [Johannes Aavik] 1913. Kirjandus. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Postimees 13. (26.) VI, lk 1–2.

Jürgenstein, Anton 1913. M. Sillaots. Anna Holm. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 9, lk 345–347.

Kaal, Alma 1937. Mõnest iseloomulikust joonest Marta Sillaotsa tegevuses. (Tema 50-nda sünnipäeva puhul.) – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 227–234.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. Kõverpeeglist uute prillideni: soouurimus ja kirjandus. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–56.

Krusten, Reet 1967. Marta Sillaots kaheksakümnendal künnisel. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 295–297.

Kruus, Oskar 1971. Pilguheit ühe virga naise teele ja tööle. – O. Kruus, Naine hanesulega. Kirjutisi naiskirjanikest. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 171–183.

Kuningas, Oskar 1987. Mälestuspilte Marta Sillaotsast. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 309–312.

Kuurme, Tiiu 2011. Haridus, kasvatus ja sugupool. – Sissejuhatus soouuringutesse. Toim Raili Marling. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 238–273.

Lange, Anne 2009. Otse predestineerit. – Tuna. Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, nr 3, lk 151–156.

Laos, Karl 1912. M. Sillaots. Algajad. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 5, lk 198–201.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915a. Ei ole ja on. – Tallinna Kaja 26. IX, nr 38, lk 607–608.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915b. Lendur Tartus. – Tallinna Kaja 17. X, nr 41, lk 654–655.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915c. Kõiksugu ilma asjust, peaasjalikult Tartu asjust. – Tallinna Kaja 31. X, nr 43, lk 686–687.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915d. Austeli peal. – Tallinna Kaja 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 543.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915e. Lendur Tallinnas. – Tallinna Kaja 28. XI, nr 47, lk 752.

Lendur I-a [Marta Sillaots] 1915f. Talve tulekul. – Tallinna Kaja 24. X, nr 42, lk 671–672.

Luiga, Juhan 1995. Noor-Suomi – Eesti. – J. Luiga, Mäss ja meelehaigus. (Eesti mõttelugu 1.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, lk 274–318.

Meylaerts, Reine 2013. The multiple lives of translators. – TTR (Traduction, terminologie, rédaction), kd 26, nr 2, lk 103–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037134ar

Mits, Krista 2012. Pilk ingliskeelse kirjanduse tõlgetele 18. sajandi lõpust 20. sajandi algus­veerandini. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 70–87. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.569

Möldre, Aile 2012. Ilukirjanduse tõlked 20. sajandi esimese poole Eesti ja Soome raamatu­toodangus (1900–1940). – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 88–103. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.570

Nora, Pierre 1996 [1984]. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Piibeleht, Tiit [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Luulelik potpourri. – Tallinna Kaja 15. VIII, nr 32, lk 506–509.

Raudsepp, Hugo 2013. Mait Metsanurk ja tema aeg. Ühe vaimsuse kroonika kaasaegse sulest. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Reichenbach, Marta 1912. L. Onerva. Murdjooned. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 36–39.

Saluäär, Anu 1987. Marta Sillaots 1887–1969. – Looming, nr 5, lk 672–681.

Saluäär, Anu 2009. Kirjutav eesti naine. – M. Sillaots, Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, lk 155–172.

Saluäär Anu 2013. Kirg ja kavalus? – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 1, lk 63–65.

Schlager, Daniela 2021. Translator’s multipositionality, teloi and goals: The case of Harriet Martineau. – Literary Translator Studies. Toim Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, D. Schlager. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, lk 199–314. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.156.10sch

Sillaots, Marta 2009 [1939]. Sealtpoolt künniseid. Tagasivaade. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31–34. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Sillaots, Marta 2012. Kirg ja kavalus. (Eesti mõttelugu 104.) Koost Hando Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

„Söömise-taidur” [Marta Sillaots] 1915. Söömisest. Vaatlused ja näpunäited. – Tallinna Kaja 10. X, nr 40, lk 637–639.

Sütiste, Elin 2012. Tõlkelugu ja kultuurimälu. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, nr 9–10, lk 152–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.574

Tammsaare, A. H. 1914. Midagi ilust ja „Anna Holmist”. – Vaba Sõna, nr 1, lk 39–42.

Teder, Eerik 1967. Marta Sillaots 80-aastane. – Looming, nr 5, lk 794–795.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1935. Eesti kirjandus 1921. – F. Tuglas, Kriitika IV. Tartu: Noor-Eesti Kirjastus, lk 162–223.

Tuglas, Friedebert 1986. Valik kirju. Koost August Eelmäe. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 1–2.

Wallace, Edgar 1915. Nelja kohus. – Tallinna Kaja 22. VIII, nr 33, lk 525–527; 29. VIII, nr 34, lk 538–541; 5. IX, nr 35, lk 557–559; 12. IX, nr 36, lk 566–569; 19. IX, nr 37, lk 588–591; 26. IX, nr 38, lk 602–607; 3. X, nr 39, lk 620–623; 10. X, nr 40, lk 634–636; 17. X, nr 41, lk 651–653; 24. X, nr 42, lk 669–671; 31. X, nr 43, lk 684–686; 7. XI, nr 44, lk 702–704; 14. XI, nr 45, lk 714–719; 21. XI, nr 46, lk 730–733; 28. XI, nr 47, lk 750–752; 5. XII, nr 48, lk 762–768.

Keyword: New Woman, literary decadence, melancholy, creativity, desire

This article analyzes Alma Ostra’s (1886–1960) literary debut, the novella “Aino” (1923), which carries an air of decadence combined with naturalistic elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the fin de siècle period, decadent aesthetics was a province mostly occupied by men. Several gender-sensitive cultural researchers have shown that the attitudes (such as elitism, individualism, colonialism) and imagery contained in these texts are misogynistic by nature. Building on this, feminist scholars have asked how the forms of decadent aesthetics employed by male authors of the time are reshaped in the texts by women authors, and whether and in which ways these transformations can be seen as feminist practice. Proceeding from these questions, this article explores how Ostra’s work reutilizes three interrelated tropes commonly found in decadent aesthetics: ambivalent melancholy, sexual desire, and creativity. The study reveals how the chosen affective states, characters, and ideas of decadence are employed in “Aino” to critique manifestations of patriarchy, such as double standards, rigid gender roles, and rape culture, whereas such criticism appears more laboured in texts by Ostra’s male colleagues, for example Tuglas and Aavik, with whom “Aino” engages in dialogue.

The decadent, ambivalent mode of expression is a dominant note in “Aino,” allowing, on the one hand, for the portrayal of disappointments associated with womanhood, and on the other hand, for expressions of enthusiasm, thereby representing aspects of the female experience in early 20th-century literature in a nuanced way. The central affect of melancholy depicted in the text triggers depression and creativity, disdain for love, as well as pleasurable, sexually charged scenes – elements that have largely been overlooked in other works of the period. The infusion of the naturalist trope of race – the deep psyche and affective nature of the human groups active in a particular region (nationality) – into Aino’s self-perception adds suggestiveness to the negative emotions caused by gender-based constraints. Ostra’s work portrays the double oppression experienced by Estonian female students of the time, both in rural and (academic) urban environments. The perception of women’s entrapment is balanced by descriptions of new forms of female subjectivity – such as the intensely imaginative female thinker-artist – pointing towards a more harmonious future, gender-wise, and a hopeful outlook for women. As such, “Aino” engages in a critical conversation with both the anti-feminist lines of thought that perpetuate women’s lack of creative capacity and independence, and the feminist theories of the first half of the 20th century, which emphasized women’s autonomy as well as the importance of their sexual fulfilment.

 

Merlin Kirikal (b. 1986), PhD, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Under and Tuglas Literature Centre, Senior Researcher (Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn), merlinkirikal@gmail.com

References

ARHIIVIALLIKAD

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv (EKLA)

f 193, m 105:56. Eesti avalikkude tegelaste elulugude kogu. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

f 194, m 19:11. „Eesti biograafiline leksikon”. Ostra-Oinas, Alma.

 

KIRJANDUS

A. J. [Anton Jürgenstein] 1923. Kirjandusest. Alma Ostra. Aino. – Postimees 21. II, lk 4.

Battersby, Christine 1989. Gender and Genius: Towards a Feminist Aesthetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350926790

Baudelaire, Charles 2010. 66 kurja lille. Koost Ain Kaalep, tlk A. Kaalep, August Sang, Märt Väljataga. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.

Belobrovtseva, Irina; Meimre, Aurika 2005. Peterburi tekst XX sajandi Eesti kirjanduses. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8, lk 609–616.

Boyiopoulos, Kostas 2022. The decadent short story: Forms of the morbid. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.17

Bühler-Dietrich, Annette 2011. Contestations of normativity: Rereading nineteenth-century authors with current moral philosophy. – German Women’s Writing of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Future Directions in Feminist Criticism. Toim Helen Fronius, Anna Richards. New York: Legend, lk 140–154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093611-11

Cole, Richard 2015. Fear and precarious life after political representation in Baudelaire. – Modernism and Affect. Toim Julie Taylor. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, lk 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748693269-012

Condé, Alice 2022. Contemporary contexts: Decadence today and tomorrow.  – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.6

Constable, Liz; Potolsky, Matthew; Denisoff, Dennis 1999. Introduction. – Perennial Decay: On the Aesthetics and Politics of Decadence. Toim L. Constable, M. Potolsky, D. Denisoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, lk 1–34. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292480-001

Craske, Helen 2018. Desire and the demi-vierge: The impenetrable ideal in decadent fiction. – Dix-Neuf, kd 22, nr 1–2, lk 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2018.1476438

Desmarais, Jane; Condé, Alice 2017. Introduction. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim J. Desmarais, A. Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.6

Desmarais, Jane; Weir, David (toim) 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.001.0001

Dierkes-Thrun, Petra 2017. Decadent sensuality in Rachilde and Wilde. – Decadence and the Senses. Toim Jane Desmarais, Alice Condé. Cambridge: Legenda, lk 51–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16kkz22.9

Elo ja Friedebert Tuglas. Kirjad teineteisele 1917–1947. Koost August Eelmäe. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, 2001.

Felski, Rita 1995. The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036796

Flatley, Jonathan 2008. Affective Mappings: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Cambridge–London: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036963

Friedman, Dustin 2021. “The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aesthet­icism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses. – Feminist Modernist Studies, kd 4, nr 2, lk 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950475

H. P. 1923. Kirjandus. Aino. Romaan. Alma Ostra. – Agu, nr 9, lk 286–288.

H. R. [Hugo Raudsepp] 1923. Aino. Alma Ostra romaani ilmumise puhul. – Vaba Maa 17. IV, lk 5–6.

Haug, Toomas 1987. Salakorterist linnavalitsusse. – Vikerkaar, nr 11, lk 66–69.

Hawthorne, Melanie 2022. The interwar period: Legacies of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.5

Higonnet, Margaret 1986. Speaking silences: Women’s suicide. – The Female Body in Western Culture. Contemporary Perspectives. Toim Susan Rubin Suleiman. Cambridge, Massachusetts–London, England: Harvard University Press, lk 68–83.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006a. J. Randvere „Ruth” ja Otto Weiningeri „Geschlecht und Charakter”. – J. Randvere „Ruth” 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse kultuuris. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 1.) Toim M. Hinrikus. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 145–169.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2006b. Spleen the Estonian way: Estonian literary decadence in J. Randvere’s „Ruth” (1909), Friedebert Tuglas’ „Felix Ormusson” (1915), and A. H. Tammsaare’s novellas „Noored hinged” (1909) and „Kärbes” (1917). – Interlitteraria, nr 11, lk 305−321.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2011. Decadent modernism and the imprint of Taine in Aino Kallas’ Young Estonia: Portraits and trajectories. – Aino Kallas, Negotiations with Modernity. Toim Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, lk 66–90.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2014. Ambivalentsest dekadentsist ja selle sümptomitest Paul Bourget’ ja Friedrich Nietzsche tekstides ning Friedebert Tuglase romaanis „Felix Ormusson”. –Autogenees ja ülekanne. Moodsa kultuuri kujunemine Eestis. (Collegium litterarum 25.) Koost Rein Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 199–236.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2015. Tammsaare’s constructions of femininity in light of Weininger’s concept of sex difference. – Journal of Baltic Studies, kd 46, nr 2, lk 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.981672

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2017. Kurja lillede lapsed. Sissejuhatus eesti dekadentlikku kunsti. – Kurja lillede lapsed. Eesti dekadentlik kunst. Toim M. Hinrikus, Lola Annabel Kass, Liis Pählapuu. Tallinn: Eesti Kunstimuuseum, lk 17–55.

Hinrikus, Mirjam 2022. Autentsuse probleemid: tõu(sik)rahvuslus, sünteesid ja „Felix Ormusson”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Koost M. Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 267–332.

Hinrikus, Mirjam; Kirikal, Merlin 2022. Decadence as dynamism and mutability: The ­Nietzschean-Bergsonian imprint in the rarly works of A. H. Tammsaare and J. Semper. – Revue Belge de philologie et d’histoire, nr 100, lk 717−740.

Hinrikus, Rutt 2008. Noor-Eesti ja naised. – Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica, kd 1, nr 1–2, lk 146–162. https://doi.org/10.7592/methis.v1i1-2.465

Hinrikus, Rutt 2011. Eesti naine, haridus ja „naisterahva küsimus” 20. sajandi alguses. – ENÜS 100. Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts. Vaated ajalukku. Tartu: ENÜS, lk 33–41.

Huddleston, Andrew 2022. Philosophy: Post-Kantian narratives of decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim Jane Desmarais, David Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.36

Huysmans, Joris-Karl 2013. Äraspidi. (Ajavaim.) Tlk Leena Tomasberg. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Jürgenstein, M. 1923. „Aino”. Alma Ostra. – Üliõpilasleht, nr 4, lk 58–59.

Kallas, Aino 1929. Ants Raudjalg. – A. Kallas, Kogutud teosed I. Mere tagant. Ants Raudjalg. Tlk Friedebert Tuglas. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kirjastus, lk 147–278.

Karjahärm, Toomas; Sirk, Väino 1997. Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Kirikal, Merlin 2021. Viriloid women and bodiless men: On modern sexualities in the oeuvre of Johannes Semper. – Interlitteraria, nr 2, lk 448–463. https://doi.org/10.12697/IL.2021.26.2.9

Kirss, Tiina 2006. Ideaalsete naiste tuba ja uue naise rännakud. Tähelepanekuid naisajaloost. – Looming, nr 5, lk 762–773.

Kirss, Tiina 2011. „Uus naine” ja Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Seltsi algaastad. – Eesti Naisüliõpilaste Selts 100. Vaateid ajaloost. Toim T. Kirss, Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 35–44.

Kirss, Tiina 2015. Kui naised Bebelit lugesid. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 80–104.

Kivimäe, Sirje; Tamul, Sirje 1999. Naisüliõpilased Tartu Ülikoolis 1905–1918. – Vita academica, vita feminea. Koost S. Tamul. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 93–126.

Kollontai 1919 = Александра Коллонтaй, Новая женщина. – A. Коллонтай, Новая мораль и рабочий класс. Москва: Издательство ВЦИК, c. 3–35.

Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena 2006. Embodied Subjectivity in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. Doctoral Thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.

Lappalainen, Päivi 2007. The politics of naturalism: Women and fiction in the 1880s. – Women’s Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Toim P. Lappalainen, Lea Rojola. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 35–52.

Ledger, Sally 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the fin de siècle. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press.

Lepp, Marta 2010 [1923]. 1905. aasta romantika, järellained, lõppvaatus. (Eesti mälu 18.) ­Tallinn: Eesti Päeva­leht.

Leppänen, Katarina 2008. Elin Wägner’s Alarm Clock: Ecofeminist Theory in the Interwar Era. Plymouth: Lexington Books.

Lind, Marianne 2018. Dekadentlik esteetika Jaan Oksa proosaloomingus. Magistritöö. ­Tallinna Ülikool.

Linde, Bernhard 1923. Toimetusele saadetud kiri. – Postimees 4. III, lk 5.

Lindsalu, Elo 2008. Naisekuju modelleerimine XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjanduses. Analüütiline ülevaade. (Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid.) ­Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Lukas, Liina 2004. New women baltisaksa kirjanduses. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 150–171.

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2003. The allure of decadence: French reflections in a Finnish looking glass. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siècle. (Studia Fennica Litteraria 1.) Toim P. Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, ­­lk 12–30. https://doi.org/10.21435/sflit.1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2020. Passions against the grain: Decadent emotions in Finnish wilderness. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 87–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-7

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo 2022. Nordic cultures: From wilderness to metropolitan decadence. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.12

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020a. Decadence in Nordic literature: An overview. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 3–37. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Lyytikäinen, Pirjo; Rossi, Riikka; Parente-Čapková, Viola; Hinrikus, Mirjam 2020b. Preface. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim P. Lyytikäinen, R. Rossi, V. Parente-Čapková, M. Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk xvii–xviii. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025525-1

Mahoney, Kristin 2019. Dainty malice: Ada Leverson and post-Victorian decadent feminism. – Decadence in the Age of Modernism. Toim Kate Hext, Alex Murray. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, lk 27–46.

Mahoney, Kristin 2022. The decadent novel: Generic inversions. – The Oxford Handbook of Decadence. Toim David Weir, Jane Desmarais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, lk 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066956.013.16

Manne, Kate 2018. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. London: Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001

Marling, Raili 2023. Meeleheide ja morbiidne vitaalsus Djuna Barnesi „Öömetsas” ja Reed Morni „Andekas parasiidis”. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 917–932.

Mesch, Rachel 2006. The Hysteric’s Revenge: French Women Writers at the Fin de Siècle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Molarius, Päivi 2003. “Will the Human Race Degenerate?” The Individual, the Family and the Fearsome Spectre of Degeneracy in Finnish Literature of the late 19th and Early 20th Century. – Changing Scenes: Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 121–142.

Nietzsche, Friedrich 1996. Ecce homo. Kuidas saadakse selleks, mis ollakse. (Avatud Eesti raamat.) Tlk Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Vagabund.

Offen, Karen M. 2000. European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162

Ostra, Alma 1923. Aino. Tallinn: Varrak.

Ostra, Alma 2016. Mälestised 1905. a. revolutsioonist. – 1905. aasta Eestis. Mälestused. Toim Toomas Karjahärm. Tallinn: Argo, lk 35–44.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2003. Free Love, Mystical Union or Prostitution? The Dissonant Love Stories of L. Onerva. – Changing Scenes. Encounters between European and Finnish Fin de Siecle. Toim. Pirjo Lyytikäinen. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, lk 54–84.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2014. Decadent New Woman (Un)Bound: Mimetic Strategies in L. Onerva’s Mirdja. [Doktoritöö.] University of Turku.

Parente-Čapková, Viola 2019. Decadent New Woman’s ironic subversions: L. Onerva’s multi-layered irony. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 82−99.

Potolsky, Matthew 2021. Decadence and realism. – Victorian Literature and Culture, kd 49, nr 4, lk 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150320000248

Puik, Katrin 2022. Irooniast Friedebert Tuglase „Felix Ormussonis”. – Mäng ja melanhoolia. Friedebert Tuglase romaan „Felix Ormusson”. (Moodsa eesti kirjanduse seminar 3.) Toim Mirjam Hinrikus, Jaan Undusk. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, lk 60–79.

Pynsent, Robert B. 1989. Conclusory essay: Decadence, decay and innovation. – Decadence and Innovation. Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century. Toim R. Pynsent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, lk 111–248.

Randvere, J. 1980. Ruth. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 34–35. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Richardson, Angelique 2003. The life sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution”. – A Concise Companion to Modernism. Toim David Bradshaw. Malden–Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, lk 1–33.

Roelofs, Joan 2018. Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist feminism in theory and practice. – International Critical Thought, kd 8, nr 1, lk 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436

Roose, Arthur 1924. Eesti luule- ja proosatoodang 1923. – Päevalehe lisa 31. III, lk 102–104.

Rossi, Riikka 2019. Primitive passions and nostalgia for nature: Decadence and primitivism in Maria Jotuni’s Work. – Volupté. Interdisciplinary Journal of Decadence Studies, kd 2, nr 1, lk 100–119.

Rønning, Anne Birgitte 2020. Decadence and female subjectivity in Dagny Juel’s prose poems. – Nordic Literature of Decadence. Toim Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Riikka Rossi, Viola Parente-Čapková, Mirjam Hinrikus. New York–London: Routledge, lk 155–172.

Sakova, Aija 2005/2006. Eesti naise ühiskondlik-poliitiline ja perekondlik roll 1920ndate aastate alguses Emma Asson-Petersoni näitel. – Ariadne Lõng. Nais- ja meesuuringute ajakiri, nr 1/2, lk 121–129.

Semper, Johannes 1914. Entusiasmi kultur (E. Verhaereni Venemaal viibimise puhuks). – Vaba Sõna, nr 2, lk 74–77.

Semper, Johannes 1926. Meie kirjanduse teed. – Looming, nr 7, lk 764–774.

Semper, Johannes 2013. Päevaraamatud. Toim Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Sengoopta, Chandak 2000. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press.

Showalter, Elaine 1993. Introduction. – Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin de Siècle. Toim E. Showalter. United Kingdom: Rutgers University Press, Virago Press, lk vii–xx.

Sillaots, Marta 1927. Neli „inimest ilma eluloota”. – Eesti Kirjandus, nr 11, lk 606–612.

Silverman, Debora L. 2018. Boundaries: Bourgeois Belgium and “tentacular” modern­ism. – Modern Intellectual History, kd 15, nr 1, lk 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244317000245

Snyder, Jane McIntosh 1998. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1978. Pikad sammud. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 2. kd. Jutustused (1907–1910). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 85–164.

Tammsaare, A. H. 1979. Kärbes. – A. H. Tammsaare, Kogutud teosed. 3. kd. Miniatuurid, jutustused, novellid (1909–1921). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 123–253.

Vakker, Triin 2012. Rahvusliku religiooni konstrueerimise katsed 1920.–1930. aastate Eestis – taara usk. – Mäetagused, nr 50, lk 175–198. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2012.50.vakker

Vardi, Sophia 1914. Esimesed tuuled. Tartu: Noor-Eesti.

Viljamaa, Piret; Hillermaa, Rita 2010. Naised Eesti parlamendis 1917–1940, 1992–2019. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.

Vuorikuru, Silja 2018. Maailma südames. Tlk Sirje Olesk. Tallinn: Varrak.

Weir, David 1995. Decadence and the Making of Modernism. Amherst: University of ­Massachusetts Press.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004a. Preface. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic Opening: Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk vii–xiv.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004b. Introduction. – The New Woman and the Aesthetic ­Opening. Unlocking Gender in Twentieth Century Texts. Toim E. Witt-Brattström. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, lk 1–14.

Witt-Brattström, Ebba 2004c. Towards a feminist genealogy of modernism: The narcissistic turn in Lou Andreas-Salomé and Edith Södergran. – Gender – Power – Text: Nordic Culture in the Twentieth Century. Toim Helena Forsås-Scott. Norwich: Norvik Press, lk 61–76.

PDF

Occupational terms and societal roles in early Estonian lexicography

https://doi.org/10.54013/kk791a3

Keywords: Kalevala-metric song, mythology, ritual swinging, seasonal festivities

The Estonian myth recounting the creation of the world and heavenly bodies has been recorded as a Kalevala-metric epic song (regilaul) that has parallels in other Finnic traditions. Various connections emerge within Estonian folklore between the Creation song and the popular practice of swinging at Easter or Pentecost, and the beginning of the summer season. In light of the cyclical conception of time, we can interpret the practice of singing the Creation song while on a swing as a part of the spring ritual marking the beginning of the year. In order to test this hypothesis, the article presents an analysis of the links between variants of the Creation song and the practice of swinging, based on materials from the Estonian Folklore Archives housed at the Estonian Literary Museum. Out of the 258 texts examined using source criticism, 230 could be verified as authentic representations of folklore obtained from oral tradition, either through written records or audio recordings. The earliest recorded text in the sample dates back to the 1820s.

For an analysis of variation in folk song, a modified version of the historical-geographic method of the Finnish school was employed, using the concepts of type and variant as the foundation for comparing and organizing the extensive corpus of the texts of Creation originating from oral tradition. In using this approach, the author has strived to avoid the idea of monolithic folk song types and a somewhat mechanistic view of the evolution of orally transmitted texts which have been characteristic of the Finnish school.

The archive contains Estonian variants of Creation that can be grouped into an older, Kalevala-metric version and a more recent version that represents a hybrid form of folk song incorporating features from both the more archaic alliterative Kalevala-metric singing tradition and the more modern European-style rhymed folk songs. Swinging is associated with the older version, variants of which have been recorded from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in peripheral regions of northern and western Estonia, as well as to some extent in central Estonia – that is, in an area where the archaic Northern Estonian Kalevala-metric singing tradition shares certain common features. The same region is the traditional area for the custom of swinging on large communal village swings that resemble Finnish and Ingrian swings. The more modern version, used in conjunction with a circle game, represents a newer tradition originating in Pärnu County, although this circle game may have been played during festivities at swing sites.

The connection between the Kalevala-metric Creation song and swinging becomes apparent through shared features in lyrics and melodies found in variants of the Creation type as well as swinging songs (occasionally, performers or collectors have also added explicit comments to song variants mentioning swinging). These common elements may have developed as a result of the songs being sung while singing. On the other hand, the older version of Creation is rarely associated with other activities or specific melodies. More than a third (38 per cent) of all the variants of the Kalevala-metric Creation feature text motifs or melodies intertwined with swinging songs, indicating that these variants have traditionally been sung while swinging or in close proximity to swinging. Texts of Creation linked to swinging form two main versions: Nest on the Swing (a bird weaves its nest on the swing shaft) and Narrow Swing (the swing is described using metaphors of the world tree). Although other epic Kalevala-metric songs have occasionally been sung on swings, their association with swinging is far more sporadic. There are also reports of singing Creation on a swing from Ingria.

The links between the Estonian Creation song and swinging allow us to at least hypothesize the existence of a past spring ritual conducted on swings. This ritual likely aimed to restore order to the world and ensure the fertility of humans and nature by singing about the rebirth of heavenly bodies. The swing may have directly symbolized the rotating cosmos, the world tree, or a model of the world.

 

Taive Särg (b. 1962), PhD, Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, Senior Researcher (Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu), taive.sarg@folklore.ee

References

Arhiiviallikad

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Kultuuriloolise Arhiivi (EKLA) fotokogu

B-37:1257 – T. Gehlhaar – Fr. Schlater, Kiikujad. Koloreeritud lito 1840. aastaist.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi (EKM) Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi (ERA) käsikirja- ja helikogud

Anderson LL – Walter Andersoni lastelaulude kogu

E – Matthias Johann Eiseni rahvaluulekogu

EFA – Eesti folklooriarhiivi kogu (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi kogu alates 1996. aastast)

EKÜ – Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu rahvaluulekogu

ERA – Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi rahvaluulekogu

EÜS – Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi rahvaluulekogu

H – Jakob Hurda rahvaluulekogu

RKM, Mgn II – Eesti (NSV) TA Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nimelise (Riikliku) Kirjandus­muuseumi rahvaluule osakonna helilintide kogu

 

Veebivarad

ERAB = Eesti regilaulude andmebaas. Koost Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv, Kanni Labi, Merli Uus, Reda Šmitaite. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv 2003–2021. https://www.folklore.ee/regilaul/andmebaas

SKVR = SKVR-tietokanta – kalevalaisten runojen verkkopalvelu. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. https://skvr.fi

 

Kirjandus

Astrauskas, Rimantas 1999. The Lithuanian calendar rites and music: On the issue of cycle unity. – Ritual and Music: Papers Presented at the International Ethnomusicologist Conference Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, December 11–12, 1997. Toim R. Astrauskas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Academy of Music, Department of Ethnomusicology, lk 55–68.

Bhattacharya, Deepak 2010. Rajo, The Swing Festival of Kalinga (India). – South East Asian Review. http://www.southeastasianreview.com/Rajo_Swing_Festival_Kalinga_India.pdf

Boehm, Fritz 1917. Das attische Schaukelfest. – Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum LX. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern. (Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Völkerkunde XIV.) Toim Hugo Mötefindt, Alfred Vierkandt, Walther Vogel. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, lk 280–291. https://archive.org/details/festschrifteduar00hahn

Eliade, Mircea 1954 [1949]. Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Tlk Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Eliade, Mircea 2021. Šamanism ja arhailised ekstaasitehnikad. Tlk Mirjam Lepikult. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

ER = Eesti rahvalaulud Dr. Jakob Hurda ja teiste kogudest. Esimene köide. Toim Matthias Johann Eisen, Kaarle Krohn, Vihtori Alava, Oskar Kallas, Walter Anderson, Villem Grünthal. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts, 1926.

ERL = Eesti rahvalaulud. Antoloogia. I–IV kd. Toim Ülo Tedre. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1969–1974.

ERlV = Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. Koost Herbert Tampere. I–V kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Eesti Raamat, Valgus, 1956–1965.

Frazer, James George 1894 [1890]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 1 kd. New York–London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy01fraz

Frazer, James George 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. III osa. The Dying God. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy04fraz

Frazer, James George 1912. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. V osa. Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. I kd. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy07fraz

Frazer, James George 1913. The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion. 3. tr. VI osa. The Scapegoat. London: MacMillan and Co. https://archive.org/details/goldenboughstudy09fraz

Hermann, Uno 1967. Tartu, Viljandi ja Pärnu vaheline veetee. – Eesti Loodus, nr 4, lk 233–234.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1981. Eesti rahvakalender. 2. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall (koost) 1984. Eesti rahvakalender. 3. kd. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006a. Päiv ei ole päiväle veli. Lõunaeesti kalendripärimus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 22.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2006b. Kosmogoonilise harja otsimine. – Regilaul – esitus ja tõlgendus. (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi toimetused 23.) Toim Aado Lintrop. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, lk 21–48.

Hiiemäe, Mall 2017. Lihavõtted ehk ülestõusmispühad. – Eesti rahvakalender. Veebiväljaanne. Koost Selma Lätt, M. Hiiemäe. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv. https://www.folklore.ee/erk/exhibits/show/lihavotted

Hiiemäe, Mall 2018. Virumaa kalendripärimus. Tartu–Rakvere: EKM Teaduskirjastus, Viru Instituut.

Hurt, Jakob 1904. Setukeste laulud. Pihkva-Eestlaste vanad rahvalaulud, ühes Räpinä ja Vastseliina lauludega. I kd. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 104.) Helsingi: Soome Kirjanduse Selts.

Irwin, John 1983. Editor’s introduction. – Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim J. Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas, lk 1–8.

Jaago, Tiiu 2000. Kolm lugu, kolm tõlgendust. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim T. Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 205–228.

Jaago, Tiiu 2018. Suulisus kirjakultuuri ajajärgul. – Mäetagused, nr 70, lk 39–66. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2018.70.jaago

Jason, Heda 2000. Motif, Type and Genre. A Manual for Compilation of Indices & A Bibliography of Indices and Indexing. (FF Communications 273.) Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.

Kalda, Mare 2015. Aardepärimuse tüpoloogiline tegelikkus. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 8–9, lk 556–572. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk694a3

Kallio, Kati 2011. Interperformative relationships in Ingrian oral poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 25, nr 2, lk 391–427. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/25ii/kallio

Kallio, Kati 2014. Laulamisen tapoja. Esitysareena, rekisteri ja paikallinen laji länsi-inkeriläisessä kalevalamittaisessa runossa. Lectio praecursoria Helsingin yliopistossa 14.12.2013. – Elore, kd 21, nr 1. https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.79126

Knüpffer, Arnold 1818. Salme. Ein Gedicht. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehst­nischen Sprache, nr 11, lk 138–141. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage11.pdf

Knüpffer, Arnold 1827. Poesien der Esthen. – Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniß der ehstnischen Sprache, nr 18, lk 92–113. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/3625/beitrage18.pdf

Koemets, Aino; Mirov, Ruth; Mägi, Udo; Pino, Veera; Tedre, Ülo 1974. Tüübikommentaar. – ERL, IV kd, lk 93–347.

KOO = Календарные обряды и обычаи в странах зарубежной Европы. Весенние праздники. Конец XIX – начало XX в. Отв. ред. Сергей Александрович Токарев. Москва: Наука, 1977.

Krohn, Kaarle 1894. Luomisruno. – Valvoja, kd 14, lk 311–321.

Krohn, Kaarle 1903. Kalevalan runojen historia. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 101.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926a. Die folkloristische Arbeitsmethode. Begründet von Julius Krohn und weitgeführt von nordischen Forschern. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B. Skrifter 5.) Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.

Krohn, Kaarle 1926b. Loomine. – ER, lk XXXIX–XL.

Krohn, Kaarle 1930. Luomisruno Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 10, lk 5–25.

Krohn, Kaarle 1932. Kalevalan kertomarunojen opas. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 192.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Krull, Hasso 2012. Jumalanna pesa. Mütopoeetiline essee. – Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 19–20. Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht.

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 1983. Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Koost, toim John Irwin. New Delhi: Vikas.

Kuusi, Matti 1956. Virolais-suomalainen Maailmansyntyruno. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 36, lk 49–84.

Kuusi, Matti 1963. Varhaiskalevalainen runous. – Suomen kirjallisuus. I kd. Kirjoittamaton kirjallisuus. Toim M. Kuusi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Otava, lk 129–215.

Kõiva, Ottilie 2014. Saateks. – Aeg ärgata. Kakskümmend kaheksa eesti rahvalaulu. Kirja pannud Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Järvamaalt Viisu külast 1828. aastal. Time to Wake: Twenty-Eight Estonian Folk Songs. Written Down by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in 1828 in Viisu Village, Järva County. Koost O. Kõiva, toim Janika Oras, Liina Saarlo, Kadri Tamm. Tartu–Paide: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, Ajakeskus ­Wittenstein, Järvamaa Muuseum, lk 9–19.

Laugaste, Eduard 1977. Mõnda A. J. F. Knüpfferi folkloristlikust tegevusest. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 7, lk 416–421.

Launis, Armas 1907. Kertomus sävelkeruumatkasta Inkerissä kesällä 1906. – Suomi, kd IV, nr 5. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 103–116.

Laurinkienė, Nijolė 1990. Mito atšvaitai lietuvių kalendorinėse dainose. Vilnius: Vaga.

Lewis, Gilbert 1980. Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558061

Lintrop, Aado 1999. Suur tamm, kuduvad neiud ja punane paat, kadunud harjast rääkimata. – Mäetagused, nr 10, lk 7–23. https://doi.org/10.7592/MT1999.10.tamm

Loorits, Oskar 1990. Eesti rahvausundi maailmavaade. Tallinn: Perioodika.

Mansikka, Viljo Johannes 1932. Inkerin liekkulauluista. – Suomi, kd V, nr 14. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lk 1–75.

Masing, Uku 1998. Eesti usund. Toim Anti Lääts. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Merkelbach, Reinhold 1964. Origin and religious meaning of Greek tragedy and comedy, according to the Erigone of Eratosthenes. – History of Religions, kd 3, nr 2, lk 175–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061988

MI = Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature. A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends. 6 kd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955–1958.

Mäevere, Andres 2016. Kukk kui sümbol kirikutornis ja rahvapärimuses. – Eesti Kirik 22. VI, lk 8. http://www.eestikirik.ee/kukk-kui-sumbol-kirikutornis-ja-rahvaparimuses/

Neus, Heinrich 1850. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Erste Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Neus, Heinrich 1852. Ehstnische Volkslieder. Dritte Abtheilung. Hrsg. von der ehstländischen literärschen Gesellschaft. Reval: Kluge und Ströhm. https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/6622

Newall, Venetia 1989. An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Oinas, Felix 1999. Ida elemendid „Kalevalas”. – F. Oinas, Tuul heidab magama ja teisi esseid. („Keele ja Kirjanduse” raamatusari 3.) Toim Heldur Niit. Tallinn: Keel ja Kirjandus, lk 135–156. https://www.folklore.ee/rl/folkte/myte/kalev2/idaelement_klvp.html

Pentikäinen, Juha 1989. Kalevalan maailma. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.

Ribenis, Karin 1994. (Lüro)eepilise laulu struktuurist. „Loomine”. – Loomine. (Pro Folkloristica 2.) Toim Janika Oras. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Keele Instituut, lk 32–36. https://www.folklore.ee/era/nt/PF2/2Ribenis.htm

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969a. Rahvalaulu-terminoloogia probleeme. – Keel ja Kirjandus, nr 2, lk 95–104.

Rüütel, Ingrid 1969b. Muistne „Loomislaul” eesti uuemas rahvatraditsioonis. – Paar sammukest eesti kirjanduse uurimise teed. Uurimusi ja materjale VI. Toim Meelik Kahu. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, lk 102–132, 246–248.

Salminen, Väinö 1929a. Kalevalan kertovat runot Inkerissä. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 9, lk 52–76.

Salminen, Väinö 1929b. Tutkimus vatjalaisten runojen alkuperästä. – Suomi, kd V, nr 7, lk 1–75.

Salminen, Väinö 1931. Keinu l. liekku ja liekkuvirret. – Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja, kd 11, lk 23–39.

Schlegel, Christian Hieronymus Justus 1830. Reisen in mehrere russische Gouvernements in den Jahren 1801, 1807 und 1815. 5. kd. Meiningen: Friedrich Keyßner. http://hdl.handle.net/10062/17795

Sohberg, Martin 1876. Neljas Eesti laulutooja. Maa ja linna noore rahva rõõmuks. 66 laulu. Tartu: Schnakenburg.

Särg, Taive 2000. Vanemate rahvalaulutekstide ja -viiside seosed Karksi kihelkonna kalendri­lauludes. – Kust tulid lood minule… Artikleid regilaulu uurimise alalt 1990. aastatel. Toim Tiiu Jaago, Ülo Valk. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk 277–327, 349–352.

Särg, Taive 2008. Eesti kalendrilaulud viisidega. Tallinn: Koolibri.

Särg, Taive 2009. Context-related melodies in oral culture: an attempt to describe words-and-music relationships in local singing traditions. – Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, kd 3, nr 1, lk 35–56.

Talve, Ilmar 1961. Keinu ja keinuminen Suomessa. (Scripta Ethnologica 11.) Turku: Turun yliopiston kansantieteen laitos. https://doi.org/10.30673/sja.86249

Tampere, Herbert 1934. Mõningaid mõtteid eesti rahvaviisist ja selle uurimismeetodist. – Eesti Muusika Almanak. I kd. (Eesti Akadeemilise Helikunstnike Seltsi väljaanne 1.) Toim Johannes Jürgenson, Voldemar Leemets, Hillar Sakaria, Julius Vaks, Adolf Vedro. Tallinn: Eesti Lauljate Liit, lk 30–38.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1956a. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. I kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik ­Kirjastus.

Tampere, Herbert 1956b. Mõningaid eestlaste etnilise ajaloo küsimusi suulise rahva­loomingu valgusel. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Artiklite kogumik. Toim Harri Moora. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, lk 255–277.

Tampere, Herbert (koost) 1960. Eesti rahvalaule viisidega. II kd. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.

Tarkka, Lotte 1996. Transformations of epic time and space: Creating the world’s creation in Kalevala-metric poetry. – Oral Tradition, kd 11, nr 1, lk 50–84. https://hdl.handle.net/10355/64730

Tedre, Ülo 1964. Tähelepanekuid regivärsilise rahvalaulu tüpoloogiast. – Eesti rahvaluulest. Toim Veera Pino, Ü. Tedre, Richard Viidalepp. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut, lk 7–34.