As a result of today’s political and economic pressures, academic disciplines can no longer distance themselves entirely from the mundane practical problems of the societies that aliment them. They even cannot restrict themselves to just describing or interpreting those problems. Nowadays, all academic disciplines are increasingly required to justify the resources allocated to them and to shift their focus from problem understanding to problem solving.
This paper discusses the epistemological status of Applied Linguistics. It will argue in favour of the position that Applied Linguistics is neither an autonomous discipline nor a loosely connected set of issues and interests. Rather, it will be argued here that Applied Linguistics is a particular, focused way of „doing linguistics”, namely: „linguistics as problem solving”. To develop this argument, the presentation will, firstly, give a brief historical survey of the development of the field designated as ”Applied Linguistics” and its spread around the world (Section 1), secondly, present some aspects of the relation between theory and practice both in epistemology in general and in linguistics (Section 2), discuss two influential positions that deny any independence of Applied Linguistics of Theoretical Linguistics (Sections 3 and 4), present examples for praxis as a trigger of theoretical developments (Section 5) and ultimately give arguments for a theoretically autonomous Applied Linguistics, conceptualized as an interdisciplinary way of doing linguistics with a practical purpose, i.e. with solving practical problems with language and communication (Sections 6 and 7).
References
Allen, John P. B., Corder, S. Pit 1973-1975. The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics. Kd 1-3. London: Oxford University Press.
Allen, John P. B., Davies, Alan 1977. The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics. Kd 4. London: Oxford University Press.
Back, Otto 1970. Was bedeutet und was bezeichnet der Begriff ‘angewandte Sprachwissenschaft’? – Die Sprache, nr 16, lk 21-53.
Brumfit, Christopher 1995. Educational Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and the Study of Language Practices. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Association of Applied Linguistics (BAAL), Southampton.
Brünner, Gisela, Graefen, Gabriele (toim) 1994. Texte und Diskurse. Methoden und Forschungsergebnisse der Funktionalen Pragmatik. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11619-6
Candlin, Chris 1990. What happens if Applied Linguistics goes critical? – M. A. K. Halliday, J. Gibbons, H. Nicholas (toim), Learning, Keeping and Using Language. Kd 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, lk 461-486.
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.lkul2.32can
Cavalcanti, Marilda C. 2004. Applied Linguistics: Brazilian perspectives. – AILA Review, kd 17, lk 23-30.
https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.17.05cav
Chomsky, Noam 1957. Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112316009
Chomsky, Noam 1965. Aspects of a Theory of Syntax. Cambridge-Massachusetts: MIT-Press.
https://doi.org/10.21236/AD0616323
Chomsky, Noam 1966. Linguistic theory. – R. G. Mead, Jr. (toim), Language Teaching: Broader Contexts. Middlebury, VT: Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Corder, S. Pit 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Davies, Alan, Elder, Catherine 2004a. General Introduction. – Applied Linguistics: Subject to Discipline? – A. Davies, C. Elder (toim), The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Blackwell, lk 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9781405138093.2005.00004.x
Davies, Alan, Elder, Catherine (toim) 2004b. The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Blackwell.
https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9781405138093.2005.00001.x
E lich, Konrad 1999. Vom Nutzen der Funktionalen Pragmatik für die Angewandte Linguistik. – M. Becker-Mrotzek, C. Doppler (toim), Medium Sprache im Beruf. Eine Aufgabe für die Linguistik. Tübingen: Narr, lk 23-36.
Goldberg, Adele 2006. Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268511.001.0001
Grabe, William (toim) 2000. Applied Linguistics as an emerging discipline. – Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, nr 2.
Gries, Stefan Th., Stefanowitsch, Anatol (toim) 2006. Corpora in Cognitive Linguistics: Corpus-based Approaches to Syntax and Lexis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197709
Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Studies in Interactional Sociolingustics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gumperz, John J., Jupp, Tom, Roberts, Celia 1979. Crosstalk. A Study of Cross-Cultural Communication. Background Material and Notes to Accompany the B.B.C. Film. Southall, Middx: NCILT.
HAL = Knapp, Karlfried, Antos, Gerd (toim) 2007-. Handbooks of Applied Linguistics. Kd 1. Communicative Competence of the Individual; kd 2. Interpersonal Communication; kd 3. Communication in the Professions; kd 4. Communication in the Public Sphere; kd 5. Foreign Language Communication, kd 6. Multilingual Communication; kd 7. Intercultural Communication, kd 8. Technical Communication; kd 9. Language and Communication: Diversity and Change. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Johnson, Keith, Johnson, Helen (toim) 1998. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics: A Handbook for Language Teaching. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kaplan, Robert B. (toim) 2002. The Oxford Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Makoni, Sinfree, Meinhoff, Ulrike H. 2004. Western perspectives in applied linguistics in Africa. – AILA Review, kd 17, lk 77-104.
https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.17.09mak
McCarthy, Michael 2001. Issues in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McNamara, Tim 2001. The Roots of Applied Linguistics in Australia. – Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, kd 24, nr 1, lk 13-29.
https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.24.1.02mcn
Pajusalu, Renate, Vihman, Virve, Klaas, Birute, Pajusalu, Karl 2010. Eestlaste ja venelaste suhtluskäitumine: sina, teie ja keegi veel. – Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu aastaraamat, nr 6. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, lk 207-224.
https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYa6.13
Praakli, Kristiina 2009. Esimese põlvkonna Soome eestlaste kakskeelne keelekasutus ja koodikopeerimine. (Dissertationes philologiae estonicae universitatis Tartuensis 24.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.
Pakir, Anne 2004. Applied Linguistics in Asia: Pathways, patterns and predictions. – AILA Review, kd 17, lk 69-76.
https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.17.08pak
RHAL = The Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics 2010-. Köited: The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics; The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics; The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes; The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics; The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition; The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis; The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication; The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication; The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism. Routledge.
Sampson, Geoffrey 1980. Schools of Linguistics.Competition and Evolution. London: Hutchinson.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503621282
Schmitt, Norbert (toim) 2002. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. London: Arnold.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783726
Seidlhofer, Barbara (toim) 2003. Controversies in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sinclair, John McH. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tomasello, Michael 2003. Constructing a Language: A Usage-based Theory of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Widdowson, Henry G. 1984. Explorations in Applied Linguistic 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, Henry G. 2003. Defining Issues in English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.